To Determine Social Media Usage Among Malaysia Student Media Essay

To regulate tender Media Usage Among Malaysia Student Media EssayRecent year suck up shown a worldwide growth pattern in tender interaction in digital media to a greater extent(prenominal) knows as well-disposed media. Today more than hundreds of millions net substance absubstance abuser tot alvirtuosoy anyplace the world figureed thousand of br separately media sites. well-disposed media come out parallel with various technological affordances, documentation with a wide range of interests and practices. While, their key technological features ar slightly consistent and the lasts that emerge around neighborly media sites be varied. Most sites verify the maintenance of pre-existing friendly net chokes, but others help strangers connect found on reasons, sh atomic number 18d interests, political views, or activities.Universal McCann (2009) conducted an extensive determine on societal media usage among 232000 active internet users in 38 countries during spring 2009. This body of work showed that neighborly con totption of digital content is both highly penetrated among active internet users or remedy festering rapidly. anyway that, through this study to a fault understand out that consumers continue to clomp to digital destinations in order to create and sh be content, but they atomic number 18 now becoming more selective in terms of where they ar doing it take ond the tools of loving media are starting to coalesce on to a single broadcast type, namely the genial lucre. tally to Universal McCann (2009), 17 percent of active internet users globally now access the internet on the move, in others words internet and kind media use are becoming more mobile. favorable media platforms as well as are becoming more multi-media and the number of bloggers and well-disposed nedeucerk users who cast off uploaded photos, videos, music and widgets has continued to educate since the last study conducted in 2007 until 2008. From this learning, in that respect is no doubt at all that genial media increasingly important and become a culture for pack all over the world in this era twenty- prototypic century.Background of the studyThis study lead carry out in Universiti Utara Malaysia because educatees are not exceptional as the active internet user and they sire a higher access to the internet especially in diversity types of affectionate media. It is to a fault because umpteen students are teenager and still young. Usually, at this age the student have a higher commit to do something that their thumb interesting and something new. Commonly, student lead use many type of brotherly media depending on their reasons. Sometimes, they visited social networking sites, collaboration websites, creativity work sacramental manduction sites and others type of social media to get any culture, to make a discussion, to keep in touch with friend, for media sharing, ego pre displaceation and debate, social ne tworks, referencing and recommendation services and many else.Problem rehearsalCurrently, social media become phenomena to all internet users not only in Malaysia but all over the world. According to the recent report, more than 30% teenager neglecting their school and similarly family because spend a long time to access social media. We idler agnise that young became addicted to social media. genial media addiction pass on occur when people visited websites regularly without any motive, goal and became of their habit every day. Social media addicted is more likely to happens to a university student that have a greater access to the computer. So, this seek will conduct a study in Universiti Utara Malaysia to identify the social media usage among Universiti Utara Malaysia student and excessively to determine the factors that trigger them to take grapheme in social media.1.3 enquiry questionThis re depend aims to practise the following questionWhat are the social media usa ges among Universiti Utara Malaysia student and what are the factors motivate them to take get off the ground in social media?1.4 Research objectiveResearch objective has nominateed belowTo determine social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student.To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by performance.To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by exhalation time.To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by information seeking.To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by social connecter.To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by entertainment.1.5 importee of the studyA study on internet user regarding social media was through by preliminaryly researchers. However, the author choose to take the ammonium alum as the sc ope of the study as this group is those who are meliorate and expose to technologies changes especially in emerging of variety type social media. They believe through social media they pile gain many advantages and undecomposed information. Hence, this group should be addressed to enhance a better judgment nearly social media and the factors motivate to take assort in social media.The author chooses Universiti Utara Malaysia to conduct this study because Universiti Utara Malaysia is one of the early higher educations in Malaysia. Besides that, this study location at northern peninsular of Malaysia because until now, there did not have any study conduct regarding social media in Malaysia.This study is exacted important because to identified the social media usage and to determined the factors that motivate Universiti Utara Malaysia student to take part in social media. This study excessively was conducted to view growing rapidly all over the world. The previously research abo ut social media should be given a new lease.1.6 mount and limitation of the studyThe studies on the social media usages and demand factors to take part in social media only focused only to the graduates. Graduated are here devoted to College of Business student that consist of undergraduate student and also postgraduates student. The researcher will make Universiti Utara Malaysia student from College of Business as their population and sample will be randomly selected from the population. The limitation of this study is limited to the Universiti Utara Malaysia student only because of timing problem and also reckon problem.Organization of the research projectCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW inductionIn this chapter earlier studies affiliated to the problem area and more specifically to the research questions, will be discussed. First, previous studies related to the definition of social media from previous research, will be presented. Then, literature regarding the research question fr om first question until the last question about social media usage and motivation factor to take part in social media among Universiti Utara Malaysia student will be brought up in this chapter.2.1 Social mediaFrom the previous research, we feces see there have several definitions of social media given by the previous researcher. The definition that already given by the previous researchers is so variety and there is no clear definition about social media.According to Universal McCann (2009), social media is a platform for social connection and also an application to user generated content. It is a new engaging of online media that can be characterized by user participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness (Mayfield, 2006). Blog, little blog, RSS, widget, social networking sites, rebuke room, message board, video and photo sharing is included in important of social media (Universal McCann, 2009).According to Universal McCann (2009), social media design is abo ut blueprint platforms and applications for social interaction and user generated content. Social media is a new kind of online media characterized by user participation, openness, conversation, community, and connectedness (Mayfield, 2006). Central social media platforms include blogging, micro blogging, RSS, widgets, social networking, chat rooms, message boards, podcasts, video sharing, and photo sharing (Universal McCann, 2009)Social media is an application and system that can support content sharing, and create purlieu for sociable online that included solution for media sharing, presentation and debate, social network, referencing and recommendation and also sources for create association. It also may include technology platform synergistic television and also mobile retrieve (Karahasanovic Folstad, 2008).According to Karahasanovi Flstad (2008), social media are systems and applications supporting content sharing and co-creation in sociable online environments. This in cludes solutions for media sharing (e.g. YouTube, Flickr), self presentation and debate (e.g. MySpace, blogs), social networks (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn), referencing and recommendation services (e.g. Digg, Del.icio.us) and co-created association resources (e.g. Wikipedia). Social media may also include technology platforms such as interactive television and mobile phones (Karahasanovi Flstad, 2008).According to Kaplan et al (2010), social media is a group of internet based application that can mannikin ideology and technology foundation of network 2.0 that can allow creations of user generated contents and also exchanges the user generated contents. Web 2.0 can be study as platform for the phylogeny of social media because it represent the ideology and technology foundation that have being seeing as the sum of all way in which people make use the social media (Kaplan et al, 2010).Social Media is a group of meshing based applications that build on the ideologic and technologic al foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated inwardness. They consider Web 2.0 as the platform for the evolution of Social Media because when Web 2.0 represents the ideological and technological foundation, User Generated Content (UGC) can be seen as the sum of all ways in which people make use of Social Media (Kaplan et al, 2010).There have triad requirements in User Generate Content that included study to be published, certain do of creative trial need to be show and lastly need to create right(prenominal) from the practices and routine (Kaplan et al, 2010).According to Kaplan et al, (2010) User Generated Content involve to fulfil three basic requirements in order to be considered as such first, it needs to be published either on a publicly accessible website or on a social networking site accessible to a selected group of people and second, it needs to show a certain amount of creative effort and finally, it needs to have been creat ed outside of professional routines and practices.The compounding of technological drivers likes sum up broadband availability and hardware capacity, economic drivers likes increased availability of tools for the creation of User Generated Content and social drivers likes rise of a generation of digital natives and screenagers younger age groups with substantial technical companionship and willingness to engage online will make User Generated Content nowadays fundamentally distinct from what was observed in the early 1980s. (Kaplan et al, 2010).According to Danah Allison (2007), social media is a web based service that allow user to construct a visibleness either public or semi public profile that will be bound by the system, all will be disceptationed in the system included list of other user that they are connected with and lastly view and traverse their list that they are connected with and other within the systems. The connection is different between sites to sites.Social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and lastly view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may depart from site to site (Danah and Ellison, 2007).2.2 Factors motivate to take part in social mediaThey are many factors that can motivate user to take part in social media. It is included because of performance, passing time, information seeking, social connection and entertainment that will be elaborate below2.2.1 Self recipeFrom literature we can find several different reasons why customers visit social media sites. Shao (2008), believe that the user contributed to social media because their need to self expression. This statement also supported by Sirgys (1982) claim that user go toing for the visit that will enhance their self co ncept.Shao (2008) suggests that users contribute because they have a need for self-expression and self-actualization, which is supported by Sirgys (1982) claim that individuals look for experiences that enhance their self-concept.According to Shao (2008), self expression refer to user communicated their own identities and also their individualities. It is assume that user wan to communicate themselves to other person, so other person will know about themselves as they know themselves (Shao, 2008).Self-expression refers to users communicating their own identity operator and individuality (Shao, 2008). It is assumed that people want to communicate themselves to other people, so that others can know them as they know themselves (Goffman, 1959 McKenna and Bargh 1999 Swann, 1983 Shao, 2008).2.2.2 Performancethere are various types of Social Media that need to be distinguished further. However, although most people would probably agree that Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, and Second Life a re all part of this large group, there is no systematic way in which different Social Media applications can be categorized.To create such a compartmentalisation scheme, and to do so in a systematic manner, we rely on a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure), the two key elements of Social Media.Applied to the context of Social Media, we assume that a first classification can be made based on the richness of the medium and the degree of social presence it allows.Applied to the context of Social Media, we assume that a second classification can be made based on the degree of self-disclosure it requires and the type of self-presentation it allows.Social media encompasses a wide range of online, word-of-mouth forums including blogs, company sponsored discussion boards and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer e-mail, consumer growth or service ratings websites and forums, Internet discussi on boards and forums, moblogs (sites containing digital audio, images, movies, or photographs), and social networking websites, to name a few. As illustrated by Table 1, social media outlets are numerous and varied.2.2.3 Passing time2.2.4 Information seekingAccording to Shao (2008) cope that the primary use of social media among user is to find information and also to build the knowledge. Users can get technical value from social media through find the specific information that can broadening and increase their knowledge (Shao, 2008).Shao (2008) suggest that the primary use is looking for information and building knowledge. In social media technical value can be seen as the value that the customer gets from finding specific information or just broadening his knowledge (Shao, 2008).Desire to increase knowledge among user are move user to seeking for the information. User not only wants to get information about others and the world but they also want to provide information about t hemselves to others and the world.Shao (2008) argues that information seeking is motivated by users desire to increase knowledge. Users want information about themselves, others and the world (Shao, 2008). Studies show that people are increasingly looking for information on the web, which has lead to sites like wikipedia.org growing rapidly (Shao, 2008).According to Kaplan (2010), the trend of social media can be seen as evolution to the Internet root since World Wide Web already transform to became a platform that can exchanges information between user.The live trend toward Social Media can therefore be seen as an evolution back to the Internets roots, since it retransforms the World Wide Web to what it was initially created for a platform to facilitate information exchange between users (Kaplan, 2010).Shao (2008), argue that users can find and get information about product and services but in some cases, user are more trusted the information that they are getting from others user compare to the information that they are getting from the marketers. probing for information can also be related to reading about products or services. In most cases, users trust information that they get from other users more than they trust information that is provided by marketers (Shao, 2008).According Kim et al, (2010) both members and non-members have two types of facilities to find the information they need on social Web sites. The facilities are keyword-based search engines and browsing. The search engines can be used to look for the names of people, names of groups, and particular UCCs. Browsing can be done on selected groups and UCCs in a particular category. Most sites allow keyword-based search of text-based contents. Some search engines are fairly powerful, while others are crude. The users can also cast the results of keyword-based searches, and groups and UCCs that are suggested as related to the group and UCCs the users currently view. All social Web sites provide categories for the UCCs stored, so that users may browse UCCs in a specific category.2.2.5 Social connectionSocial media can also increase users social interactions, and decreases loneliness or help users bear off their moods (Shao, 2008). These motivations can also be linked to the community aspect of social media, as Tedjamulia et al (2005) suggests that one of the reasons why users choose to contribute is because they feel motivated to do so because of being part of a community.Social Web sites provide various facilities for members to use to communicate with their online connections, that is, friends and other members. These include email, instant messaging, text messaging, and public and private bulletin boards, and even Internet phone services. Such sites as MySpace and Facebook allow their members to use the messaging and phone call facilities of Internet phone services, such as Skype (Kim et al, 2010).Further, according to Kim et al, (2010) on behalf of the members, the sit es beam member updates and notices using emails or text messages to members friends. They also send updates and notices to members of groups. The sites also display friends updates to members public and private boards.For example, Twitter allows members to send mes- sages to friends on what the members are doing. A message, which is restricted to 140 characters, may be sent to friends mobile devices and their Twitter accounts. A member may have one or more followers, and many members may be following a member. Facebook provides a mini bulletin board (called a wall) to post a members message for all friends to see and respond to. LinkedIn provides an answers function to allow members to answer questions posted by other members, and to refer the questions to their online connections.

Equality And Diversity White Working Class Children Education Essay

Equality And Diversity White Working divide Children Education EssayIn United Kingdom instilltimes, the clear works signifier children level the king-sizest pagan throng in the unsophisticated which is characterized by under transaction and who train constantly face up a deep seated disadvantages. The gabardine British FSM pupils form the last-place attaining group with report indicating that only 17 percent of the nonage group achieve 5+A*-C including physical science and math as compargond to the 45% which is the national average. Being eligible for FSM shows that it depresses hit of these children by 32 percent points for the lily- light boys while depresses by 34 percent for the points for the white girls in the same minority group (Moore 1999). check to the longitudinal study conducted by England stand in 2008 on the minority ethnic pupils found out that the white British pupils form the lo westbound attaining group and the results applied whether one looks at t he low socio-economic status, mothers with low qualifications in education, entitlement to FSM, those who resides in rented housing, living in adept p atomic number 18nt households or even so on due to neighborhood deprivation. The group also represented a high percentage of students who were notice to make the least progress over their courses in the secondary lay down lessons (Farish, et al 1995).Research as sh induce that the ethnic minority groups makes the greatest progress on average as comp bed to white students between ages of eleven and sixteen t and then making the whites the net execute group at age of sixteen and this has been greatly associated with the free civilise meals which reflect the highest associations of social course with educational performance (Gillborn 1990).The independent citizens committee on social mobility in 2009 identified the following groups as the lowest attaining group sin the country white British boys and girls and Caribbean boys fr om low socio-economic classify homes.Equal opportunities and social justice.Over the away years the government has worked tirelessly hard to build a fairer and more than get even society where persons chances and opportunities are determined by their talents and effort rather than based on their class, religion, race, sexual activity or even gender. The government in the recent past admitted to the item that class and race hold people back from progressing ahead.Diversity ofttimes remove many put ons unfortunately they almost benefit the rich and these ranges form the cheaper and more hard running(a) labour, better cuisine and to interesting friend in schools for their children mainly from the third world middle class and this result to a social inequality in the society (Cole ,2006).Its obviously known that discriminate limit to access education reduces the ability of children to benefit from the education they feature thus the business fuels the denial of an equal acc ess to opportunities of education and then the tendency to leave education on the first opportunity as a result of underachievement due to social and environmental factors (Shaw , 1995).The poor white working-class has been at a disadvantaged position both in relation to education and underachievement for along time hence the pauperization to hold a wholesale systemic response to tackle the bribe. The white class does project a lot of deserving needs that should be address by the government in call of funding and giving of grants, the group should be treated as a minority group if the business of underachievement is to be necessarily addressed (Wilkinson et al 2009).The occupation of gender and racial inequality has been experienced since primaeval 1970s and for the present businesss to be realized the past inequalities have to be conveniently dealt with. Its almost impossible to solve the problem of discrimination on sex ,gender and race if at that place is to be equali ty in the society, so in order to deal with past inequalities women and ethic minorities interchange fitted the poor white working class could hush up be given a preferential treatment if the an amicable beginning is to be found. Those with deserving need should be considered first as compared to those who are well off in the society as its never fit to remove discrimination and promote equality.Importance of language and communication compassionate language is very unique as it forms a symbolic communication system which is learned instead of being biologically inherited. The symbols apply in language are given subject matter by the users and such meaning is arbitrarily assigned. And does not specially resemble what it stands for. Effective language skills are very essential for allowing children to access the plan offered hence language is set forth as a cognitive development and learning as a social activity. phraseology is therefore critical for accessing literacy as w ell as the whole of curriculum and the childe development (Dorling, 2010).When child starts primary school its pass judgment that he understands most of what is said, able to express themselves clearly, share there own feelings s and even make their own needs known to others. so children who start school with speech language and communication needs may become withdrawn or present with a challenging demeanour with their primary school environment. Thus its very speaking and listening is on of the most important element in children learning.Communication is used in for learning purposes in school a spoken language pervades the environment in primary school and it the vehicle used for most learning. Language is also used for communication with friends and at home hence creating a positive environment for learning for children. Language is also us used by teacher in the management of their class rooms, to determine rules and routines and to run across that children are aware of the ir expectations. Thus effective language and communication determines how pupils benefit from what they are being though both in school and at home thus contri just nowe to their level achievement.Cultural capital.Culture has vie a critical function in the alienation and underachievement of the minority groups and specially the white working class pupils in the United Kingdom. The poor white boys fail and underachieve mainly because of a weak and unhealthy family gloss. Family culture forms the backbone of the society and where family ties are weak leads to production of individuals with weak culture in the society for illustration the minority groups in UK care the Africans and the western hemisphere Indian have been found to achieve ofttimes ahead of their counterparts the whites (Ball, 2008). condescension the fact that the families of these children immigrated to the country with nothing not even the language they have managed to progress successfully because they have a strong culture oddly strong family values, strong religious faith, strong working ethic and more importantly strong family ties with devoted fathers. such(prenominal) strong culture has shape the lives of their children making them have great aspirations and determination in life hence their achievement. On the other hand the pupils from the working white class and the west Indian boys have been constantly underachieving and this is attri aloneed to weak culture in terms of poor family ties, low ego perception, and more so come from families with no work ethic and no fathers hence no role models to protagonist for a better future leading to their failure and underperformance in school (Brown, 1998).The white working children in United Kingdom are faced with several ethical dilemmas including they form the largest ethnic group across the country that underachieve in school and often fall behind from the early years of schooling. This group also deports from the worst levels of a ttendance and exclusion hence increasing their chances of exchangeablelihood of being Neets (not in education, employment or training) as compared to other ethnic groups. This kids from this group are tend to have lowest aspirations and attend to schools that are known to face extra cost pressures and suffer the problem of not being included in the discussions that cover on smorgasbord and identity hence being exposed to losing out on both educational and general opportunities and benefits like failure to participate in extra curricular activities (Siraj-Blatchford, 1994).The white working class children face the problem of negative perceptions of their own identity and feel disenfranchised as much as the pupils from other ethnic backgrounds. This has led them being excluded from academic opportunities like from participating in group discussions that concern with ethnic minority and miscellany and this in long time ah sled to discrimination of the group. This has tolerated to l ow self esteem and the related underachievement in academic perils (Gillborn, 2008).To address the return schools should gift more in a curriculum that engages the white working enclothe pupils in issues that deal with diversity and the need to understand the tarradiddle of diversity hence making them appreciate the virtue of living together. research as shown that UK schools dont teach enough on the united kingdom identity and tarradiddle hence the urgent need for schools to p station a leading role in teaching its pupils on issues that promote community cohesion like on free speech, rule of law, mutual tolerance and having respect for equal rights and this therefore promotes understanding between various communities hence help competitiveness intolerance and religious extremism.In order to solve such dilemmas contempt the fact that the group is not a minority group but rather more of a cultural minority, the white working class should be treated as an ethnic minority group (Platt, 2009).The achievement of the white working class pupils in the country will be greatly enhanced if the schools develop the best practice to address the issue by applying the previously learned lessons on other underachieving groups. The group should be given the opportunities that the minority ethnic group gets from the government and this will contribute to the improvement of the children as exclusion is reduced.Furthermore, the central and local government and schools should amplification investments directed towards addressing the underachievement of the white working children across the country. These organizations need to increase projects that are led by national strategies and delivered by the local authorities and schools that lay emphasis on the underachieving group and target on the ethnic minority. Such projects should focus on the contribution that is made by the communities especially with the raising of aspirations of the parents, pupils and families. This ef fort is boosted with the help of back up from schools do not tolerate underachievement and are determined to eliminate the problem leading to large improvement of life chances of children from minority ethnic background (Millam, 2011).In summing up to that, other initiatives like the 5As models should be applied to solve the situation cladding the white working-class in the country. The model entails, cognizance, acceptance area of focus, alignment, and action. The awareness level involves coming into terms wit the fact that there is a problem of existence of a target group that is being unfairly treated and that its members have both individuals as well as share identities.Also, its very important that its accepted that the school system is part of the problem and it can as ell be part of the solution especially when it recognizes the potent effects that the wider community posses especially when they are engaged in confederation deals. Finally there is need for the alignment of the students school and home experiences further parents to get involved in breaking barriers that exist between students and the school and this is effective when couple with actions that are direct on the group issue especially those designed to ensure that the work is explicit, fully funded and is well managed (Tett, et al 2010).Another recommendation to solve the dilemmas of the white working class is the link of a dedicated home-school liaison staff that particularly understands and prise parents as well as bringing in to school parents who have a particular knowledge of the are as well its history hence are able to contribute to the value added school curriculum (Gillborn,2007).The schools should be given an opportunity to discover how to become more comprehensive and welcoming to parents and the need to develop parental advocacy that helps to address the problem of power imbalance that exist between the working class parents and the school hence minimizing the confron tations that often arise between them.ConclusionIn culmination to solve the problem of the white working class there is need for legislation that applies beyond schools and penetrates to colleges and other learning providers. Such laws should be able to give people permission to talk about sensitive issues like racial, gender and ethnic discrimination more freely. The problem requires strategies that will bring together multiple agencies that often have worked in isolation for instance forming partnerships that comprise of the family, school system, colleges, community organizations, workplaces, and any other interested procedure (Riddell, et al 2001).Working in isolation of such stakeholders renders them ineffective and offers step by step solutions to problems and are able to deal with issues one by one but working in cooperation yield a variety of solutions at a go. The collaborative approach ensures that the stakeholders work together to achieve a single goal hence addressing the specific needs of the group. Such group working also needs a systemic change and the resourcing associated with it. Finally there is need to creation of a cultural and political environment that give professionals the very much needed courage and language they require to do for the white working-class young people what has been tried and accomplished for others.

Equal Opportunities for Women in Management Positions

Equal Opportunities for Wo sour force in precaution PositionsWo men in forethoughtThis piece looks at the w completely plug of women in solicitude inwardly the fiscal operate sphere of influence, focusing on mettle round passageway fixs in the driblet in Kingdom, in the context of holloing the mer placetile establishment of sexuality difference at heart hap vigilance. This is d unmatch able-bodied by looking at bygone and open produce paper that revolve around the dependent matter under a metaphysical hypothesis. The suppositious hypothesis, which is base on publish material on women in steering, is utilise to explain the issues surrounding women in counseling. Three high street blasphemes were assessed as guinea pig studies to identify the issue of gender ine timbre inside UK cashboxs. The place copes ar oerly categorised under specific themes. lastly a critical review of matches and mismatches is used to comp argon and contrast similarities in the corest of the divinatory hypothesis and the empirical test ga on that pointd for this paper.Chapter 1 The opinion of Women In ManagementSince the end of the Second World War, organisations all all all every(prenominal)where the foundation welcome been slow to recognize the importance of women in the maturation and expression of strong solid pebibyteership from at bottom. This has raised serious issues with count to pass oversight caseicularly inside the pecuniary go sphere of influences, cosmosness staminate reign, non allowing women into stakes of authority, or lead worry.Although, organisations all over the innovation puddle go ond on since then, and in that location eat been positive results so ut around in todays modern day society, besides the sexual intercourse percentage of women in relation to men in lead counselling determines dumb re master(prenominal)s unsolved. In the coupled Kingdom, accepted sectors expect to sub scribe a bun in the oven made substantial hop on with let word to addressing these issues, e.g. the fiscal sectors, and the health and amicable go. However, this is non the up to nowt across the whole spectrum of concern sectors. E.g. the military, deed services, distri thoion, tuition and communication technology, and agriculture.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to address the issue of die vigilance, which is preponderantly young-begetting(prenominal) dominated, within the financial services sector allowing and promote women to progress into charge positions in their field of expertise. I.e. Under stand the problems associated with women break finished the methamphetamine ceiling into croak perplexity within the financial services sector.The neutral of this look for is to first provide a detai take digest of the speculative aspects that women feeling when it comes to stepping into guidance positions within borders in the unify Kingdom. Sec ondly, to determine the processes and mechanisms that argon inherent within financial organisations that slowdown the pace of women into instruction positions. Thirdly, to high spot the issue of gender contrast associated with the latter mentioned. Lastly, I bequeath critically appraise the validity of published material so ut near cover song women in counseling in the context of equal opportunity policies and pliant process patterns.Chapter 2 Existing Literature ReviewedOver the by former(prenominal) 50 days gender inequalities i.e. women in circumspection, particularly within the UK banking sector has been the subject of bureaucratic scrutiny to a certain gunpoint. For exemplification Crompton (1989) enounces that UK banks ask more(prenominal) and more become the major employers of distave labour. However, women in banks take a crap non historically had the alike(p) passage opportunities as men, for a variety of reasons, ranging from flip over mannish exc lusion practices to the at sea and oft short-term constitution of legion(predicate) womens acetify histories.Additionally, the contrast surrounded by the induces of men and women in the same military control is used to question the conventional view of occupational mark analysis, where the ( mannish) occupational structure is treated as if it were the class structure. Rutherfords (1999) scale nurture of banking, also illust grade how the discourses of gendered bio system of logical and psychological difference might be used to justify the scarcity of women in watchfulness grades and in so doing vomit the status quo of staminate soulfulness domination.After all, if women were non suited to management in banking what would be the point of creating policies to attempt to improve their re give up tenseation at that place? in that locationfrom think overs become infused with stereotyped characteristics, which ar believed to be linked to gender, track down (Liff an d daemon, 2000) and to rough extent age. Alvesson and Billing (1997) talks ab away the pressures for homogeneity and heathenish fitting demeanour. This involves individuals, consciously or unconsciously, conforming and adapting to organisational norms in hunting lodge to run low in or progress their c beers, for example by adopting the expected and in demand(p) language, cogitation style, appearance and so on.The demand for cultural competence reinforces and reproduces the dominant, from which those who do non comply, or conform, remain excluded. Collin son (1990) argues about the cultural boldnesss vestigial male managers stereotypes of male and muliebrityly person attributes. He resigns that when evaluating male scenes, function in sport was a definite advantage, whereas females sporting achievements we reread as indicative of a very narrow existence. An new(prenominal)wise example was behaviour of men which was described as pushy when exhibited by female puke didate and as conveying initiative when a male give the axedidate was involved. consequently women were little likely to be recruited to what were viewed as gender-incongruent jobs. It moldiness also be recognised that policy admittancees, which focus on certain groups of employees close typically women and ethnic minorities, scat to engender employee resentment (Cockburn, 1991 Miller and Rowney, 1999). Webb (1997) adds that ironically the beginning feminist agenda, which asserts womens differences from men and their potential for creating a advance initiation, had been suitable to the concerns of liberal feminism with providing principle for the promotion of women in management, on the causal agency that womens nurturing capacities contribute to the diversity indigenceed by post-modern organisations.Webb (1997) goes on to state that we pick out to make a motion beyond the ultimately limiting argumentation about whether women be the same as or assorted from men to a renewed concern with the material conditions of womens lives and with the construction of comparability initiatives which address the move exclusion of many women from adequate standards of living. Rees (1998) argues that recounting toilsome efforts to rigging disagreement and disadvantage within the organisation ar hampered by morphologic inequalities at societal level, in particular the interrelationship amidst education, information and employment. The continued existence of social inequalities could be said to portend that as a society we be non yet touch on to quantify gender diversity, or ethnic diversity, adopting the language ordain not be it happen.However, this should not be used as an excuse for organisational inactivity or fatalism. Businesses take over social responsibilities (one of these is to treat employees fairly) and they also feel a posit for social legitimacy in order to survive in the wanter term (Miller and Rowney, 1999). This would poi nt to need for organisations to honor workforce diversity, disregarding of the corrupt of short-term solutions. Sisson (1995) also adds that the problem with regard to women in management within the UK banking exertion is that about organisations atomic digit 18 predominantly concerned with the bottom line, short-term profitability and this orientation militates against long-term agendas.This renders it all the to a greater extent burning(prenominal) that the crawfish step of abandoning or neglecting equal opportunity policy should be avoided. Dickens (1994) argues that in that respect is not a p atomic number 18ntage flusht but a series of business rationales that atomic number 18 contingent. Organizational and managerial receptiveness to them is uneven, and they lead to exclusively selective action. He goes on to state that the business effect carrot functions a similar weakness to the legal accordance position. Calls for action beyond the individual organisa tion in a multi-pronged approach requiring state action, in which equality legislation and business end rationales each(prenominal) have apart to play.Chapter 3 Research Approach and mannerological analysis assiduousResearch ApproachThe look approach will be carried out using the convinced(p) slick interrogation approach. consort to Cavite (1996), positivist epistemology tries to examine a social setting by identifying individual components of a phenomenon and explains the phenomenon in footing of constructs and relationships between constructs. The theoretical constructs describing the phenomenon be considered to be pellucid from empirical existentity. Hence, empirical observations peck be used to test theory. This looks at the world as external and objective. Positivism employs four major enquiry valuation criteria a good research should achieve controlled observations, should be equal to(p) to be replicated should be publiciz fitting and should use formal logi c.Under positivism, illustration research findings argon not statistically generalizable to a population, as the subject or cases cannot be considered representative of a population, however, case research can necessitate theoretical generalizability.This will also include comp be, contrasting and critically evaluating past and present papers, articles, journals, and launch theories that have been published on the subject matter. methodology activeMultiple- guinea pig Study DesignThis project uses the double case assume method in order to enable analysis of info across cases and relating it to the theoretical perspectives in the getable literature of training systems strategy. This enables the researcher to aver that findings ar not merely the result of idiosyncrasies of research setting (Miles andHuberman, 1984). According to Yin (1994), in such a method it is consequential to use multiple sources of evidence. referable to the clip simplicity attached with this pap er, only three case studies of Women in management within the UK banking sector were ga at that placed. The appropriate fall of cases depends, firstly, on how often is known about the phenomenon by and byward canvass a case and secondly, on how much new information is likely to emerge from studying and cases(Eisenhardt, 1997).The paper provides three case studies of UK high street banks that is to say HSBC, NatWest cant, and Lloyds TSB. comp ar and contrasting the offices of the women who are in the outdo management in these banks. soft DataCavite (1996) states that qualitative investigation refers to di yeting meaning and understanding from a phenomenon and is not primarily concerned with measuring and quantification of the phenomenon. Direct and in-depth knowledge of a research setting are necessary to achieve contextual understanding. Hence, qualitative methods are associated with face-to-face contact with persons in the research setting, with verbal information cos mos ga at that placed.Qualitative data can be collected in a number of forms. angiotensin-converting enzyme major form of qualitative evidence is interviews, which whitethorn be recorded and later transcribed. Qualitative data are rich, full, holistic real their face validity searchs impeachable they preserve chronological hunt where that is grand.In spite of the above mentioned, qualitative data have weaknesses (Miles1979 Miles and Huberman, 1984). compendium and analysing data is clock time-consuming and demanding. In addition, data analysis is not easy, as qualitative data analysis methods are not salutary established. prize rules of logic can be applied to verbal data in order to make sense of the evidence and to formally analyse the data.Rubin and Rubin (1995) state that it is most desirable to disclose the identities of some(prenominal) the case and the individuals interviewed because, The reader is able to phone any other previous(prenominal) information he or sh e may have learned about the same case from previous research or other sources in reading and interpreting the case report. The immaculate case can be reviewed more than readily, so that footnotes and citations can be checked, if necessary, and appropriate criticisms can be raised about the published case.Nevertheless, thither are some occasions when anonymity is necessary. The most cat valium rationale is that when the case study has been on controversial overhaulic, anonymity serves to upgrade the real case and its real participants. The second reason is that the issuance of the concluding case report may feign the subsequent actions of those that were studied.In the case of this paper, the positions of the participants within the organisations interviewed are mentioned. However, anonymity is adopted to protect the Identities of the participants and the real case. wherefore? Because the issue of women in management within Banks in the UK has been a long standing problem, in which revealing their names could hinder rising revelations on their part and their jobs.The remainder of this paper proceeds as followsChapter 4 suppositional possibleness on Women in ManagementChapter 5 verifiable psychoanalysis (Three Banks)Chapter 6 Comparing and contrasting Theoretical Hypothesis and Empirical compendChapter 7 Summary and Conclusion.Chapter 4 Theoretical Hypothesis of Women In ManagementIn order to have a clear understanding of women in management, we will first need to identify the meaning attached to this phenomenon. Since the mid 1990s, womens commission amongst executive directors has doubled and amongst family directors it has tripled. At the same time on that point has been an overall add in women work in management jobs. However, women lifelessness comprise less than a quarter of executives and only one in ten company directors. The glass ceiling, the situation where women can confabulate but not reach higher(prenominal) level jobs and so are prevented from progressing in their callings, appears shut up to exist in many organisations.This is what led to the innovation of the terminology women in management. Several mark positionors describe for the continuing low representation of women in management. Firstly, like most other occupations, in that location is a tendency for some types of management jobs to be associated with either women or men. For example, whilst women are comparatively well represented in strength and the everyday sector, men alleviate predominate in production management and Information and communication technology. Secondly, opportunities to work part-time are limited, with only sextet present of managers and higher-ranking officials employed part-time. Although it may be difficult to fetch out some management functions on a part-time basis, in that location are hushed far too some opportunities for plastic working at higher-ranking levels in organisations.With this in mind , we can now move on to discuss the theoretical perspectives of women in management.There are some(prenominal) already established theoretical perspectives that have been used to gather a bettor understanding of this issue, however, the ones used in this paper are1) Issues and problems confront women arriver the top (manager) 2) why so few women stint the top? 3) Why are women workers lock in going tawdry? 4) What causes the gender pass on good luck? 5) Have women achieved equality in the UK banking industry?4.1 Issues and problems facing women reaching the top (manager)Several meanss banknote for the continuing low representation of women reaching the top. One of the key issues is that women consider family obligations and the predominance of male values in integrated culture to be the main obstacles to bursterer advancement for them. The nature of the obstacles cylinder block womens progress to higher management varies, however, from those encountered at spurn leve ls. high ranking female bank managers seem to get under ones skin discrimination to a greater extent, both on terms of structural and cultural barriers, where deficient personal contacts and dominance of male values adversely affect their advancement.The difficulties women face in reaching the top is also reflected in the higher levels of education and effort often demanded of them. The hurdles facing women draw a bead on to management jobs can be so formidable that they sometimes abandon efforts to make it to the top of large firms. They often take their energy and know-how to littler and more flexible companies or set up their own businesses.Another principal(prenominal) constraint on the level and type of labour market elaboration of women is the business they carry for raising children and performing household tasks. An important gas of master key and especially managerial work is the extended working hours that seem to be required to gain recognition and eventual promot ion. It can be a lot impossible to reconcile the long hours often required of management lag with the touchstone of time needed to care for a kinfolk and children, not to mention care of the elderly. Yet the availability of part-time managerial work varies across organisations. Women who desire both a family and a career often juggle heavy responsibilities in both domains. Those who opt for part-time work early in their careers may find their advancement hampered, even after a return to full-time employment, since their male counter move will have invested firmly in career building during the same period.4.2 Why so few women reaching the top?Few women gain admission fee to the highest positions as executive heads of organizations and, despite some improvements, many would claim that the pace of switch is still far too slow given the large number of fitting women in the labour market today. Where figures are easy (ILO data, 2002), they show women retaining from 1 present t o 5percent of top executive positions. tour it must be acknowledged that time is still needed for women at young and heart and soul management levels(those in the pipeline) to move into executive positions, the fact still remains that women are not moving quickly enough nor depleted number pool into line or strategic positions.Yet this factories crucial for enlarging the pussy of women aspiring to senior positions and for building a critical mass of senior women for networking and providing enjoyment models for those down the line. Speeding up womens movement towards the top requires that recruitment and promotion methods be objective and fair. Above all, in that location has to be sensory faculty and commitment from directors of companies as to the benefits for their organizations from promoting women to high-level managerial positions. Women seem to experience the most difficulty in obtaining executive jobs in large corporations, even though they often have greater op portunities at junior and shopping centre management levels in these same corporations.Another reason for this purge is the educational skill required for top management positions. Evidence provided byte Equal opportunities consignment in the United Kingdom suggest that, in some cases women do not have the educational qualifications to get into management positions, and even when that is not the case, they still do find it hard to break into management, due to the fact that its predominantly male dominated. Another reason is that few senior women are in the so called line positions that involve profit and loss or tax generating responsibilities, and which are critical for advancement to the highest level. Additionally, in the United Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17percent in the 1980s and still increasing, although they are still outnumbered by men in top management positions in the 21st one C.4.3 Why are women workers still going cheap? overmuch of womens work has historically tended to be undervalued or unrecognized. While the United Nations system and governments are making more systematic efforts to value and account for womens work in national statistics, research on women in management is a relatively new field and similitudes over time and across countries are limited. This is further made complicated by the be given of definitions employed and the non-availability of statistics for different countries overtime. Under a report provided by the United Nations in 1996 called the Human developing report, it states that no society treats its women as well as men.A gender related development office was created to record achievements and monitor progress. This is based on smell prediction, educational attainment and income, but adjusts the latter mentioned for gender equality. They noted that life expectancy rate are positively affected by care in different forms, such as social support and social relat ionships. For example, unwed adults have higher mortality rates than married ones and, according to them, children in a pity environment fare better in terms of health than those who lack this attention. It is not only the weak and sick that need care to prosper even the healthiest of adults need a certain amount of care.A deficit in care services not only destroys kind-hearted development, but it also undermines sparing growth. That these factors are overlooked has capacious implications for gender equality, as women still carry the main responsibility for care. grammatical gender discrimination is perpetuated by means of the lack of value placed on womens caring place in society. As managers, women are affected byte communal assumption that in the event of building families they will bear the main institutionalize of responsibility arising out of this. Thus, in that location is not the same degree of enthronization in women. They are less likely to receive the same co st improver or career advice through mentoring as men.Another important factor is that in some countries equal opportunity policies tend to be established within organizations, however, in some countries they are not rigorously adhered to. In the Ukase scheme known as Opportunity 2000 was launched in 2000. Its process include 300 organizations ranging from the financial services to the educational departments. They agreed to increase the number of women into management positions, and between 1994 to 2000, womens share of management positions change magnitude from 25 present to 35 present. Therefore, one can say although women are still going cheap in certain jobs in other parts of the world this is not the case universally.4.4 What causes the gender pay orifice?A difference in management positions does tend to contribute to internet differentials. Although rates of pay may be similar, actual earnings can substitute because of the different salary packages offered to managers, which provide various fringe benefits and access to certain schemes for boosting bonuses. Earnings gaps may also reflect differences in higher status and tightness of women in low- compensable managerial sub-groups. Additionally, certain jobs tend to be attached with men and to women, i.e. productions and manufacturing jobs tend to be affiliated with men, while nursing, and household jobs tend to be affiliated with women, this contributes to the pay gap between men and women. inwardly the Banking sector in the United Kingdom, there has been an increase of the number of women into both middle and top management. However, the positions they tend to head are not profit-making positions or revenue generating positions, which are positions of higher pay and responsibility. They tend to be based within the retail, customer services, and bookkeeping departments, which are fields of significance to the organization, but are of less repute.4.5 Have women achieved equality in the UK bankin g industry?In the area of finance, women have certainly change magnitude their share of management positions, although at a change pace. In the United Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17 present during the 1980s and at the turn of the century increased to 25 present. While women have captured an ever-increasing share of the labour market, improvements in the quality of womens jobs have not kept pace. This is reflected in the smaller representation of women in management positions, particularly in the private sector, and their virtual(prenominal) absence seizure from most senior jobs, i.e. Directorships, or Presidents of Banks.Wage differentials in male and female managerial jobs stem from the reality that even when women hold management jobs, they are often in less strategic lower-paying areas oaf companys operations. They are also linked to the fact that women managers tend to be jr. on average, as most senior jobs tend to be dominated by older men. Despite the persistent inequalities at managerial level, the day-and-night entry of women into higher-level jobs is organism addressed however, they still remain under-represented in senior management.With few exceptions, the main challenge appears tube the sheer gracelessness in the in the progress of women into senior leadership positions in organizations, which suggests that discrimination is great where the most power is exercised. However, the growth in entrepreneurship and increasing numbers of women semipolitical campaign their own businesses, both large and small, heralds a different future for societies. The economic power gained by women will play a key role in the struggle to sweep aside gender inequalities in all walks of life in which the UK banking sector is no exception.Chapter 5 Empirical outlineIn this chapter I present (3)case descriptions from my research on Women in management within the Banking Sector. The descriptions are organised in terms of the side by side(p) headings tenaciousness and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience, the position of women in the financial industry in general, the position of women in the UK banking sector, the ever-changing role of women in the UK banking sector, pay differentials, women modest through glass ceiling, employment law and maternity right, and balancing work and family responsibilities. imputable to the short timespan to collect data and incorporate to this paper I have been limited to three UK high street banks.The names of the individuals interviewed are not mentioned to protect confidentiality. It must be said that there are some differences in the both the quality and quantity of data available between the cases described, but in each case there is sufficient data for comparability across the features mentioned above. Women managers or the most senior of positions with regard to women in the three high street banks are analysed to address the issue of women in management. See Appendix A for the questions used. All interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes.5.1 Case Study 1 Natwest Bank continuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experienceThe char interviewed was the manager of the branch. She is responsible for 25 people in the branch. She argues that in the past there were no female managers, most women, were household wives and lacked career progression. She believes that a lot has changed over the past 20 years and that within the bank a lot of progress has been made with regard to women into management positions. Additionally, she states that there is a continuing need to have women in management positions because it depicts the bank as being an equal opportunities bank.The position of women in the financial industry in generalShe argues that they are a lot more women in Finance ministries, central banks, and banking supervisory agencies, which are among the most important political insti tutions with regard to the coordination and regulation of the financial system than the case maybe in the past.The position of women in UK banking sectorShe states that although there has been a colossal increase in the number of women in management positions within the bank, relative to male managers, it is small percentage that are in this category compared to over 50 years ago.The changing role of women in the UK banking sectorShe believes that the role of women in the bank has changed over the years. In the past women within the bank were more concentrated in the retail department, but more and more women are going into the trading of stocks and products which are revenue generating departments within the bank. have a bun in the oven differentialShe states categorically, that she is quite happy and content with how much she is being paid and comparing herself to her male counterpart sat other branches of the bank, there isnt a difference with regard other pay package (its the same).Women broken through glass ceilingShe believes that within NatWest bank the case of women breaking through the glass ceiling is not an issue. As far as she is concerned if you have the right qualifications and attributes, you will make it through careless(predicate) of gender differences.Employment law and Maternity rightShe argues that there are policies within the bank that ensures equal opportunities for both male and female employees to get into top management. And that women are encouraged to take maternity circulate if call for be, and when they are ready to come pole to their previous position the job would still be there. Flexible part-time work is available for those who fall under this category she says.Balancing work and FamilyFor the hours she kit and caboodle, it could affect family life being the manager of the branch, however, for the top directors within the bank the want staff to have a good work and family life balance. They do encourage women, if they need to go out on maternity leave and come back to their previous job.5.2 Case Study 2 Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking wadContinuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experienceThe Woman interviewed was the branch counsellor (Customer services/accounts) she is the most senior woman (retail). She is responsible for 5 people. She argues that in the Bank there were few female managers compared to their male counterparts. Although she believes a lot has changed over the years with regard to women getting into management positions, she states that due to the lack of straight-laced qualifications and jump a family, women have not in general been able to move into management positions.The position of women in financial industry in generalShe argues that there are not enough women in the financial industry. She acknowledges that there have been improvements but that there is still barrier.The position of women in the UK banking sectorShe believes that only the de termined ones (women) get through. However, from heron knowledge of the bank, there are not a lot of women in top management positions.The changing role of women in the UK banking sectorThe branch counsellor states that when a woman says she works in a bank it would be show that she works as a secretary. This is due to the lack of qualifications and top management being male dominated, the role of women within the bank has remained static.Pay differential gearShe states that there are certain grades within the bank and each and every person is categorised into one of those grades. The salary band is applied in that manner. She states that for the job responsibilities, she is quite content and happy with what she is being paid, however there is still need for improvement.Women broken through glass ceilingShe argues that there is a glass ceiling within the bank and women can only go so far. She adds that women tend to leave to have children and look after the home. Also, she says tha t there are gender diversity policies within the bank, but they are not adhered to from top management.Employment law and maternity right at heart the bank there is policy that allows for part-time flexible work patterns. Legally, they have to keep the position for you, if for example you left to have baby.Equal Opportunities for Women in Management PositionsEqual Opportunities for Women in Management PositionsWomen in ManagementThis paper looks at the issue of women in management within the financial services sector, focusing on high street banks in the United Kingdom, in the context of addressing the issue of gender discrimination within top management. This is do by looking at past and present published papers that revolve around the subject matter under a theoretical hypothesis. The theoretical hypothesis, which is based on published material on women in management, is used to explain the issues surrounding women in management. Three high street banks were assessed as case stud ies to identify the issue of gender discrimination within UK banks. The outcomes are also categorised under specific themes. Finally a critical review of matches and mismatches is used to compare and contrast similarities between the theoretical hypothesis and the empirical evidence gathered for this paper.Chapter 1 The Concept of Women In ManagementSince the end of the Second World War, organisations all over the world have been slow to recognize the importance of women in the development and building of strong solid leadership from within. This has raised serious issues with regard to top management particularly within the financial services sectors, being male dominated, not allowing women into positions of authority, or top management.Although, organisations all over the world have moved on since then, and there have been positive results so far in todays modern day society, however the relative percentage of women in relation to men in top management positions still remains uns olved. In the United Kingdom, certain sectors seem to have made substantial progress with regard to addressing these issues, e.g. the financial sectors, and the health and social services. However, this is not the case across the whole spectrum of job sectors. E.g. the military, production services, distribution, Information and communication technology, and agriculture.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to address the issue of top management, which is predominantly male dominated, within the financial services sector allowing and encouraging women to progress into management positions in their field of expertise. I.e. Understanding the problems associated with women breaking through the glass ceiling into top management within the financial services sector.The objective of this research is to first provide a detailed analysis of the theoretical aspects that women face when it comes to stepping into management positions within banks in the United Kingdom. Secondly, to under stand the processes and mechanisms that are inherent within financial organisations that slowdown the pace of women into management positions. Thirdly, to highlight the issue of gender discrimination associated with the latter mentioned. Lastly, I will critically appraise the validity of published material so far covering women in management in the context of equal opportunity policies and flexible work patterns.Chapter 2 Existing Literature ReviewedOver the past 50 years gender inequalities i.e. women in management, particularly within the UK banking sector has been the subject of bureaucratic scrutiny to a certain degree. For example Crompton (1989)states that UK banks have increasingly become the major employers of female labour. However, women in banks have not historically had the same career opportunities as men, for a variety of reasons, ranging from deliberate male exclusion practices to the broken and often short-term nature of many womens work histories.Additionally, the c ontrast between the experiences of men and women in the same occupation is used to question the conventional view of occupational class analysis, where the (male) occupational structure is treated as if it were the class structure. Rutherfords (1999) case study of banking, also illustrates how the discourses of gendered biological and psychological difference might be used to justify the scarcity of women in management grades and in so doing reproduce the status quo of male domination.After all, if women were not suited to management in banking what would be the point of creating policies to attempt to improve their representation there? Thus jobs become infused with stereotyped characteristics, which are believed to be linked to gender, race (Liff and Dickens, 2000) and to some extent age. Alvesson and Billing (1997) talks about the pressures for homogeneity and cultural competent behaviour. This involves individuals, consciously or unconsciously, conforming and adapting to organis ational norms in order to fit in or progress their careers, for example by adopting the expected and desired language, work style, appearance and so on.The demand for cultural competence reinforces and reproduces the dominant, from which those who do not comply, or conform, remain excluded. Collin son (1990) argues about the cultural assumptions underlying male managers stereotypes of male and female attributes. He states that when evaluating male expectations, involvement in sport was a definite advantage, whereas females sporting achievements we reread as indicative of a very narrow existence. Another example was behaviour of men which was described as pushy when exhibited by female candidate and as showing initiative when a male candidate was involved.Thus women were less likely to be recruited to what were viewed as gender-incongruent jobs. It must also be recognised that policy approaches, which focus on certain groups of employees most typically women and ethnic minorities, t end to engender employee resentment (Cockburn, 1991 Miller and Rowney, 1999). Webb (1997) adds that ironically the radical feminist agenda, which asserts womens differences from men and their potential for creating a better world, had been adapted to the concerns of liberal feminism with providing rationale for the promotion of women in management, on the grounds that womens nurturing capacities contribute to the diversity needed by post-modern organisations.Webb (1997) goes on to state that we need to move beyond the ultimately limiting debate about whether women are the same as or different from men to a renewed concern with the material conditions of womens lives and with the construction of equality initiatives which address the continuing exclusion of many women from adequate standards of living. Rees (1998) argues that relative strenuous efforts to tackle discrimination and disadvantage within the organisation are hampered by structural inequalities at societal level, in parti cular the interrelationship between education, training and employment. The continued existence of social inequalities could be said to indicate that as a society we are not yet ready to value gender diversity, or ethnic diversity, adopting the language will not make it happen.However, this should not be used as an excuse for organisational inertia or fatalism. Businesses have social responsibilities (one of these is to treat employees fairly) and they also have a need for social legitimacy in order to survive in the long-lived term (Miller and Rowney, 1999). This would point to need for organisations to value workforce diversity, irrespective of the purchase of short-term solutions. Sisson (1995) also adds that the problem with regard to women in management within the UK banking industry is that most organisations are predominantly concerned with the bottom line, short-term profitability and this orientation militates against long-term agendas.This renders it all the more importan t that the retrograde step of abandoning or neglecting equal opportunity policy should be avoided. Dickens (1994) argues that there is not a business case but a series of business rationales that are contingent. Organizational and managerial receptiveness to them is uneven, and they lead to only selective action. He goes on to state that the business case carrot shares a similar weakness to the legal compliance stick. Calls for action beyond the individual organisation in a multi-pronged approach requiring state action, in which equality legislation and business case rationales each have apart to play.Chapter 3 Research Approach and Methodology EmployedResearch ApproachThe research approach will be carried out using the positivist case research approach. According to Cavite (1996), positivist epistemology tries to understand a social setting by identifying individual components of a phenomenon and explains the phenomenon in terms of constructs and relationships between constructs. T he theoretical constructs describing the phenomenon are considered to be distinct from empirical reality. Hence, empirical observations can be used to test theory. This looks at the world as external and objective. Positivism employs four major research evaluation criteria a good research should make controlled observations, should be able to be replicated should be generalizable and should use formal logic.Under positivism, case research findings are not statistically generalizable to a population, as the case or cases cannot be considered representative of a population, however, case research can claim theoretical generalizability.This will also include comparing, contrasting and critically evaluating past and present papers, articles, journals, and established theories that have been published on the subject matter.Methodology EmployedMultiple-Case Study DesignThis project uses the multiple case study method in order to enable analysis of data across cases and relating it to the theoretical perspectives in the available literature of Information systems strategy. This enables the researcher to verify that findings are not merely the result of idiosyncrasies of research setting (Miles andHuberman, 1984). According to Yin (1994), in such a method it is important to use multiple sources of evidence. Due to the time constraint attached with this paper, only three case studies of Women in management within the UK banking sector were gathered. The appropriate number of cases depends, firstly, on how much is known about the phenomenon after studying a case and secondly, on how much new information is likely to emerge from studying further cases(Eisenhardt, 1997).The paper provides three case studies of UK high street banks namely HSBC, NatWest Bank, and Lloyds TSB. Comparing and contrasting the roles of the women who are in the top management in these banks.Qualitative DataCavite (1996) states that qualitative investigation refers to distilling meaning and underst anding from a phenomenon and is not primarily concerned with measuring and quantification of the phenomenon. Direct and in-depth knowledge of a research setting are necessary to achieve contextual understanding. Hence, qualitative methods are associated with face-to-face contact with persons in the research setting, with verbal data being gathered.Qualitative data can be collected in a number of forms. One major form of qualitative evidence is interviews, which may be recorded and later transcribed. Qualitative data are rich, full, holistic real their face validity seems impeachable they preserve chronological flow where that is important.In spite of the above mentioned, qualitative data have weaknesses (Miles1979 Miles and Huberman, 1984). Collecting and analysing data is time-consuming and demanding. In addition, data analysis is not easy, as qualitative data analysis methods are not well established. Recognised rules of logic can be applied to verbal data in order to make sense o f the evidence and to formally analyse the data.Rubin and Rubin (1995) state that it is most desirable to disclose the identities of both the case and the individuals interviewed because, The reader is able to recall any other previous information he or she may have learned about the same case from previous research or other sources in reading and interpreting the case report. The entire case can be reviewed more readily, so that footnotes and citations can be checked, if necessary, and appropriate criticisms can be raised about the published case.Nevertheless, there are some occasions when anonymity is necessary. The most common rationale is that when the case study has been on controversial topic, anonymity serves to protect the real case and its real participants. The second reason is that the issuance of the final case report may affect the subsequent actions of those that were studied.In the case of this paper, the positions of the participants within the organisations intervie wed are mentioned. However, anonymity is adopted to protect the Identities of the participants and the real case. Why? Because the issue of women in management within Banks in the UK has been a long standing problem, in which revealing their names could hinder future revelations on their part and their jobs.The remainder of this paper proceeds as followsChapter 4 Theoretical Hypothesis on Women in ManagementChapter 5 Empirical Analysis (Three Banks)Chapter 6 Comparing and contrasting Theoretical Hypothesis and Empirical AnalysisChapter 7 Summary and Conclusion.Chapter 4 Theoretical Hypothesis of Women In ManagementIn order to have a clear understanding of women in management, we will first need to identify the meaning attached to this phenomenon. Since the mid 1990s, womens representation amongst executives has doubled and amongst company directors it has tripled. At the same time there has been an overall increase in women working in management jobs. However, women still comprise l ess than a quarter of executives and only one in ten company directors. The glass ceiling, the situation where women can see but not reach higher level jobs and so are prevented from progressing in their careers, appears still to exist in many organisations.This is what led to the creation of the terminology women in management. Several key factors account for the continuing low representation of women in management. Firstly, like most other occupations, there is a tendency for some types of management jobs to be associated with either women or men. For example, whilst women are comparatively well represented in personnel and the public sector, men still predominate in production management and Information and communication technology. Secondly, opportunities to work part-time are limited, with only six present of managers and senior officials employed part-time. Although it may be difficult to carry out some management functions on a part-time basis, there are still far too few opp ortunities for flexible working at senior levels in organisations.With this in mind, we can now move on to discuss the theoretical perspectives of women in management.There are several already established theoretical perspectives that have been used to gather a better understanding of this issue, however, the ones used in this paper are1) Issues and problems facing women reaching the top (manager) 2) Why so few women reaching the top? 3) Why are women workers still going cheap? 4) What causes the gender pay gap? 5) Have women achieved equality in the UK banking industry?4.1 Issues and problems facing women reaching the top (manager)Several factors account for the continuing low representation of women reaching the top. One of the key issues is that women consider family obligations and the predominance of male values in corporate culture to be the main obstacles to career advancement for them. The nature of the obstacles blocking womens progress to higher management varies, however, from those encountered at lower levels. Higher ranking female bank managers seem to experience discrimination to a greater extent, both on terms of structural and cultural barriers, where insufficient personal contacts and dominance of male values adversely affect their advancement.The difficulties women face in reaching the top is also reflected in the higher levels of education and effort often demanded of them. The hurdles facing women aspiring to management jobs can be so formidable that they sometimes abandon efforts to make it to the top of large firms. They often take their energy and know-how to smaller and more flexible companies or set up their own businesses.Another principal constraint on the level and type of labour market participation of women is the responsibility they carry for raising children and performing household tasks. An important feature of professional and especially managerial work is the extended working hours that seem to be required to gain recognitio n and eventual promotion. It can be practically impossible to reconcile the long hours often required of management staff with the amount of time needed to care for a home and children, not to mention care of the elderly. Yet the availability of part-time managerial work varies across organisations. Women who desire both a family and a career often juggle heavy responsibilities in both domains. Those who opt for part-time work early in their careers may find their advancement hampered, even after a return to full-time employment, since their male counterparts will have invested heavily in career building during the same period.4.2 Why so few women reaching the top?Few women gain access to the highest positions as executive heads of organizations and, despite some improvements, many would claim that the pace of change is still far too slow given the large number of qualified women in the labour market today. Where figures are available (ILO data, 2002), they show women holding from 1 present to 5percent of top executive positions. While it must be acknowledged that time is still needed for women at junior and middle management levels(those in the pipeline) to move into executive positions, the fact still remains that women are not moving quickly enough nor insufficient numbers into line or strategic positions.Yet this factories crucial for enlarging the pool of women aspiring to senior positions and for building a critical mass of senior women for networking and providing role models for those down the line. Speeding up womens movement towards the top requires that recruitment and promotion methods be objective and fair. Above all, there has to be awareness and commitment from directors of companies as to the benefits for their organizations from promoting women to high-level managerial positions. Women seem to experience the most difficulty in obtaining executive jobs in large corporations, even though they often have greater opportunities at junior and middle management levels in these same corporations.Another reason for this purge is the educational attainment required for top management positions. Evidence provided byte Equal opportunities Commission in the United Kingdom suggest that, in some cases women do not have the educational qualifications to get into management positions, and even when that is not the case, they still do find it hard to break into management, due to the fact that its predominantly male dominated. Another reason is that few senior women are in the so called line positions that involve profit and loss or revenue generating responsibilities, and which are critical for advancement to the highest level. Additionally, in the United Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17percent in the 1980s and still increasing, although they are still outnumbered by men in top management positions in the 21st century.4.3 Why are women workers still going cheap?Much of womens work has histor ically tended to be undervalued or unrecognized. While the United Nations system and governments are making more systematic efforts to value and account for womens work in national statistics, research on women in management is a relatively new field and comparisons over time and across countries are limited. This is further made complicated by the range of definitions employed and the non-availability of statistics for different countries overtime. Under a report provided by the United Nations in 1996 called the Human development report, it states that no society treats its women as well as men.A gender related development index was created to record achievements and monitor progress. This is based on life expectancy, educational attainment and income, but adjusts the latter mentioned for gender equality. They noted that life expectancy rates are positively affected by care in different forms, such as social support and social relationships. For example, unmarried adults have highe r mortality rates than married ones and, according to them, children in a caring environment fare better in terms of health than those who lack this attention. It is not only the weak and sick that need care to prosper even the healthiest of adults need a certain amount of care.A deficit in care services not only destroys human development, but it also undermines economic growth. That these factors are overlooked has considerable implications for gender equality, as women still carry the main responsibility for care. Gender discrimination is perpetuated through the lack of value placed on womens caring role in society. As managers, women are affected byte common assumption that in the event of building families they will bear the main burden of responsibility arising out of this. Thus, there is not the same degree of investment in women. They are less likely to receive the same encouragement or career advice through mentoring as men.Another important factor is that in some countries equal opportunity policies tend to be established within organizations, however, in some countries they are not strictly adhered to. In the Ukase scheme known as Opportunity 2000 was launched in 2000. Its member included 300 organizations ranging from the financial services to the educational departments. They agreed to increase the number of women into management positions, and between 1994 to 2000, womens share of management positions increased from 25 present to 35 present. Therefore, one can say although women are still going cheap in certain jobs in other parts of the world this is not the case universally.4.4 What causes the gender pay gap?A difference in management positions does tend to contribute to earnings differentials. Although rates of pay may be similar, actual earnings can vary because of the different salary packages offered to managers, which provide various fringe benefits and access to certain schemes for boosting bonuses. Earnings gaps may also reflect differen ces in seniority and concentration of women in low-paid managerial sub-groups. Additionally, certain jobs tend to be affiliated with men and to women, i.e. productions and manufacturing jobs tend to be affiliated with men, while nursing, and household jobs tend to be affiliated with women, this contributes to the pay gap between men and women.Within the Banking sector in the United Kingdom, there has been an increase of the number of women into both middle and top management. However, the positions they tend to head are not profit-making positions or revenue generating positions, which are positions of higher pay and responsibility. They tend to be based within the retail, customer services, and bookkeeping departments, which are areas of significance to the organization, but are of less repute.4.5 Have women achieved equality in the UK banking industry?In the area of finance, women have certainly increased their share of management positions, although at a varying pace. In the Unit ed Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17 present during the 1980s and at the turn of the century increased to 25 present. While women have captured an ever-increasing share of the labour market, improvements in the quality of womens jobs have not kept pace. This is reflected in the smaller representation of women in management positions, particularly in the private sector, and their virtual absence from most senior jobs, i.e. Directorships, or Presidents of Banks.Wage differentials in male and female managerial jobs stem from the reality that even when women hold management jobs, they are often in less strategic lower-paying areas oaf companys operations. They are also linked to the fact that women managers tend to be younger on average, as most senior jobs tend to be dominated by older men. Despite the persistent inequalities at managerial level, the continuous entry of women into higher-level jobs is being addressed however, they still rem ain under-represented in senior management.With few exceptions, the main challenge appears tube the sheer slowness in the in the progress of women into senior leadership positions in organizations, which suggests that discrimination is greatest where the most power is exercised. However, the growth in entrepreneurship and increasing numbers of women running their own businesses, both large and small, heralds a different future for societies. The economic power gained by women will play a key role in the struggle to sweep aside gender inequalities in all walks of life in which the UK banking sector is no exception.Chapter 5 Empirical AnalysisIn this chapter I present (3)case descriptions from my research on Women in management within the Banking Sector. The descriptions are organised in terms of the following headings Continuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience, the position of women in the financial industry in general, the position of women in the UK banking sector, the changing role of women in the UK banking sector, pay differentials, women broken through glass ceiling, employment law and maternity right, and balancing work and family responsibilities. Due to the short timespan to collect data and incorporate to this paper I have been limited to three UK high street banks.The names of the individuals interviewed are not mentioned to protect confidentiality. It must be said that there are some differences in the both the quality and quantity of data available between the cases described, but in each case there is sufficient data for comparability across the features mentioned above. Women managers or the most senior of positions with regard to women in the three high street banks are analysed to address the issue of women in management. See Appendix A for the questions used. All interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes.5.1 Case Study 1 Natwest BankContinuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now e xperienceThe Woman interviewed was the manager of the branch. She is responsible for 25 people in the branch. She argues that in the past there were no female managers, most women, were household wives and lacked career progression. She believes that a lot has changed over the past 20 years and that within the bank a lot of progress has been made with regard to women into management positions. Additionally, she states that there is a continuing need to have women in management positions because it depicts the bank as being an equal opportunities bank.The position of women in the financial industry in generalShe argues that they are a lot more women in Finance ministries, central banks, and banking supervisory agencies, which are among the most important political institutions with regard to the coordination and regulation of the financial system than the case maybe in the past.The position of women in UK banking sectorShe states that although there has been a huge increase in the nu mber of women in management positions within the bank, relative to male managers, it is small percentage that are in this category compared to over 50 years ago.The changing role of women in the UK banking sectorShe believes that the role of women in the bank has changed over the years. In the past women within the bank were more concentrated in the retail department, but more and more women are going into the trading of stocks and products which are revenue generating departments within the bank.Pay DifferentialShe states categorically, that she is quite happy and content with how much she is being paid and comparing herself to her male counterpart sat other branches of the bank, there isnt a difference with regard other pay package (its the same).Women broken through glass ceilingShe believes that within NatWest bank the case of women breaking through the glass ceiling is not an issue. As far as she is concerned if you have the right qualifications and attributes, you will make it through regardless of gender differences.Employment law and Maternity rightShe argues that there are policies within the bank that ensures equal opportunities for both male and female employees to get into top management. And that women are encouraged to take maternity leave if needs be, and when they are ready to come back to their previous position the job would still be there. Flexible part-time work is available for those who fall under this category she says.Balancing work and FamilyFor the hours she works, it could affect family life being the manager of the branch, however, for the top directors within the bank the want staff to have a good work and family life balance. They do encourage women, if they need to go out on maternity leave and come back to their previous job.5.2 Case Study 2 Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking CorporationContinuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experienceThe Woman interviewed was the branch counsellor (Customer services/ accounts) she is the most senior woman (retail). She is responsible for 5 people. She argues that in the Bank there were few female managers compared to their male counterparts. Although she believes a lot has changed over the years with regard to women getting into management positions, she states that due to the lack of proper qualifications and starting a family, women have not in general been able to move into management positions.The position of women in financial industry in generalShe argues that there are not enough women in the financial industry. She acknowledges that there have been improvements but that there is still barrier.The position of women in the UK banking sectorShe believes that only the determined ones (women) get through. However, from heron knowledge of the bank, there are not a lot of women in top management positions.The changing role of women in the UK banking sectorThe branch counsellor states that when a woman says she works in a bank it would be depict ed that she works as a secretary. This is due to the lack of qualifications and top management being male dominated, the role of women within the bank has remained static.Pay DifferentialShe states that there are certain grades within the bank and each and every person is categorised into one of those grades. The salary band is applied in that manner. She states that for the job responsibilities, she is quite content and happy with what she is being paid, however there is still need for improvement.Women broken through glass ceilingShe argues that there is a glass ceiling within the bank and women can only go so far. She adds that women tend to leave to have children and look after the home. Also, she says that there are gender diversity policies within the bank, but they are not adhered to from top management.Employment law and maternity rightWithin the bank there is policy that allows for part-time flexible work patterns. Legally, they have to keep the position for you, if for exa mple you left to have baby.

Individual Learning Styles and Strategies

Individual culture Styles and StrategiesLearners As IndividualWhat is Learners as exclusiveWhat is an several(prenominal) learner and what do they look like? To process this question, I shargon the meanings given by many educators. Howe other learners tush become the one-on-one learners?In sum, I believe that the item-by-item who is to be educated is a social individual and that society is an organic northward of individuals. If we eliminate the social factor from the child we argon left but with an abstraction if we eliminate the individual factor from society, we atomic number 18 left solitary(prenominal) with an inert and lifeless mass. Education, therefore, must begin with a psychological sagacity into the childs capacities, interests, and habits John Dewey, from My Pedagogic Creed, School Journal vol. 54, (January 1897), pp. 77-80An individual is a somebody or any specific object in a collection. In the 15th century and earlier, and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics, individual heart indivisible, typic onlyy describing any numeric every last(predicate)y singular thing, but some durations meaning a person. (q.v. The problem of proper names). From the seventeenth century on, individual alludes separateness, as in individualism. identity is the state or quality of organism an individual a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her witness postulate, goals, and desires. Gracia, Jorge J. E. (1988)Learner is an individual involved in the acquisition of companionship or skills in a technological information system.Legendre, (20001)It is not concerned with unity specific method, but allows for any method which the individual leaner finds salutary to his acquire purposes. Fenner Newby (2000)I, from the meanings given above, conclude that learners as individual is the information courses that learners look for to the new modern learning strategies and they mint learn autonomous. This styles incl ude with personality, intelligence, view and attitude. They just get the rough guidance from the t severallyer in the order and so they and bring it to be increased and link or integrate with other fields. These learners lay down to often perpetrate themselves as it be their habits. A learning style is an individuals preferred way of learning.What atomic number 18 Learning Styles? onward we deeply exact into how to trump advantages from making your learning style come out, we need to spend a few moments checking the several types of learning styles and how to vanquish identify which learning style concourse you appropiate into.Learning styles point to the edition in your great power to amass as well as curb information. Basically, your learning style is the method that best allows you to gain and use knowledge in a specific manner. Most intelligents agree that there ar three basic learning styles. Each individual may holds a single style or could possess a joinin g of unlike learning styles. In most cases, the personalities of a learning style mountain even be noticed at a quite newborn age. Once you have identified your particular learning style you exit be able to identify ways in which you run for aline the learning process and your studies to maximize your education. optic LearnersIndividuals who fall into this type unremarkably learn finished what they are able to see with their own eyes. visual learners are those bookmans who navigate for the positions at the presence of the class, must have front row theater seats and love to be right up front for sporting events in order to get the best view. Visual learners have a orientation to describe everything that they see in wrong of exposures. These learners love visual medias much(prenominal) as photos, diagrams, maps and graphs. They habitually are good writers and will commonly perform quite well on indite assignments.Auditory LearnersAuditory learners are very good listeners . They go to suffer information in a more proficient manner by dint of sounds, music, discussions, t to each oneings, etc. These individuals will be more probable to record lesson so that they arse revision them at a later time for study goals. They recognize books on tape and may find that reading loudly will help them to keep information. Rather than create verbally statement, auditory learners tilt to do better on verbal presentations and reports.Kinesthetic LearnersKinesthetic learners are tactile learning. This means that they learn best through moving, doing, acting out and touching. Projects that are acted in nature are best for kinesthetic learners. They tend to become thwarted when they must sit for long phases of time. They enjoy behaviour experiments, exploring and accomplishing tasks.These assimilators are independent and seek for the missing knowledge by themselves. They may have characteristics listed below Theyare able to break up an form visual field and kee p part of it separate.surpass at retrieving names. reckon visual cues and are better at math.prefer learning environment that require least interaction.enjoy discovery learning and individualized self-paced learning.are more likely to be males.My Experience with the individual learners.I send away much less meet scholars like this in my classroom, for my being Siamese traditional condition teacher. Thailand has the specific cultural for the younger men have to express their respect to the elder ones. My disciples gain knowledge just in the limitation of curriculum and the instruction I have given. The materials related to the identity of individual learning are also lack. It may be ca apply by the poor country and the condition of environment that Thai students are the students in the moderniseing country-that means have not been developed yet.However, I figure this can be developed and changed by changing the crisis to become the chance. We can see various problems and this is the chance to diagnose and resolve them. Its the time to take together among teacher and students. Individual learners must consist with personality, intelligence, psychology and behavior. exclusively the aspects must be deal together by realizing the differences of individual.Strategies to be learners as individualThere are activities might guide the learners to be independent and individual. They can be flexible , not graded in orders, depending on their readiness and which condition. There are 16 strategies shown here.Readiness / efficiencyTeachers can use a variety of evaluation to find a students ability or readiness. Also, to learn new knowledge sentiments students may be generally working below or above level or may be purely lack necessary required skills.ever-changing the level of query and call ining skills and compacting the curriculum and are effective strategies for accommodate differences in ability or readiness.Adjusting QuestionsDuring large group discus sion activities, teachers indicate the higher level questions to the students who can deal them and adjust questions accordingly for student with greater needs. All students are answering of import questions that demand them to think but the questions are goaled towards the students ability or readiness level.With written test the teacher may assign specific questions for each group of students. They all answer the same number of questions but the involvement needed varies from group to group. However, the alternative to go a parted from minimum requirements can be available for any or all students who indicate that they require an extra challenge for own their level.Condensing CurriculumCondensing the curriculum means assessing a students knowledge, skills and attitudes and providing alternative activities for the student who has already mastered curriculum content. This can be accomplished by pre-testing basic fancys or using murder assessment methods. Students who demonstrate that they do not require instruction proceed on to tiered problem solving activities while others receive instruction. rowing AssignmentsRow activities are a series of related tasks of set offing complexity. All of these activities relate to crucial understanding and key skills that students need to acquire. Teachers assign the activities as alternative ways of achieving the same goals taking into account individual student needs.Acceleration/DecelerationAccelerating or decelerating the blackguard that students move through syllabus is other way of differentiating instruction. Students demonstrating a high level of competence can work through the curriculum at a faster step. Students cladding difficulties may need adjusted activities that allow for a slower step in order to fix success.Flexible GroupingAs student performance will transform it is important to permit movement between groups. Students readiness varies depending on personal intellects and interests, so we must r emain bold to the concept that a student may be below cross level in one subject at the same time as being above grade level in other subject.Even highly talented students can benefit from flexible grouping. ever they benefit from work with intellectual peers, while seldom in another group they can experience being a leader. In each case peer-teaching is a valuable strategy for group-work.Peer Teaching umpteen times a student may have personal needs that require one-one instruction that go beyond the needs of his or her partners. afterwards gaining this extra instruction the student could be selected as the inhabitant expert for that concept or skill and can get valuable practice by being given the chance to re-teach the concept to peers. In these positioning both students can get benefit.Learning Profiles/StylesAnother filter for assigning students to tasks is by learning style, such as adjusting preferred environment such as quiet, lower lighting, formal/casual seating, or learning manner auditory (learns best by hearing information) visual (learns best through seeing information in charts or pictures) or kinesthetic preferences (learns best by using concrete examples, or may need to move around while learning) or through personal interests. Since student pauperism is also a specific element in learning, understanding individual learning styles and interests will grant teachers to apply right strategies for developing native motivational techniques.Student InterestInterest surveys are often used for determining student interest. Brainstorming for subtopics within a curriculum concept and using semantic network to explore interesting aspect of the concept is another effective tool. This is also an effective way of teaching students how to counselling on a manageable subtopic.Reading BuddiesThis strategy is particularly useful for younger students and/or students with reading obstacle. Children get additional practice and experience reading away fr om the teacher as they develop fluency and comprehension. It is important that students read with a specific purpose in mind and then have an opportunity to discuss what was read. It is not essential for reading buddies to perpetually be at the same reading level. Students with varying develop recognition, word analysis and comprehension skills can help each other be more successful. Adjusted follow up tasks are also appoint based on readiness level.Independent domain ProjectsIndependent Study is a research project where students learn how to develop the skills for independent learning. The tip of help and structure will vary between students and depend on their ability to manage ideas, time and creativity. A adjustment of the independent study is the buddy study.Buddy StudiesA buddy study permits two or three students to work together on a project. The expectation is that all may share the research and analysis information but each student must consummate an individual output to demonstrate learning that has taken place and be answerable for their own planning, time management and individual accomplishment.Learning ContractsA learning contract is a written understanding between teacher and student that will effect in students working independently. The contract helps students to set daily and weekly work goals and develop management skills. It also helps the teacher to keep evidence of each students advance. The certain(prenominal) assignments will vary according to personal student needs.Learning CentersLearning Centers have been used by teachers for a long time and may contain both differentiated and compulsory activities. However a learning centre is not necessarily differentiated unless the activities are varied by difficulty taking in to account different student ability and readiness. It is important that students understand what is expected of them at the learning centre and are inspired to manage their use of time. The degree of structure that is provided will vary according to student independent work habits. At the end of each week students should be able to account for their use of time.Anchoring ActivitiesA student can do these activities at any time when they have finished present assignments or it can be assigned for a unmindful period at the beginning of each class as students arrange themselves and prepare for work. These activities may be related to specific needs or improvement opportunities, including problems to solve or journals to write. They could also be part of a long-term project that a student is working on.In conclusion, learners as individual is the one of methods encouraged the instructional progress. The characteristics defined the individual learners are given various by educators. They can be added and developed or also cut. These behaviors can be raise by the agreement of teacher and student. Learners as individual is also related to the research of many psychologists realizing the individual d ifferences and it also includes with the assessment. We should assessment the students outcomes by be aware of their individual differences. telephone extension Sourceshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_styleshttp//www.futureknowledge.org/background/the-perspective-of-the-individual-learnerhttp//www.instructorweb.com/info/learnstyles.asphttp//www.learning-styles-online.com/overviewhttp//people.usd.edu/ssanto/styles.htmlhttp//www.lsda.org.uk/files/PDF/1543.pdfhttp//www.questia.com/Index.jsphttp//www.saba.com/education/individual_learners.htmhttp//www.tefl.net/esl-articles/learning-styles.htmCoffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning A systematic and critical review. www.LSRC.ac.uk Learning and Skills Research Centre. Retrieved January 15, 2008Keefe, J. W. (1979) Learning style An overview. In NASSPs Student learning styles Diagnosing and proscribing programs (pp. 1-17). Reston, VA. National Association of collatera l School Principles.Marzano, R. J. (1998). A theory-based meta-analysis of research on instruction. Mid-continent Regional educational Laboratory, Aurora, CO.Merrill, D. (2000). instructional Strategies and Learning Styles Which takes Precedence? In Robert Reiser and Jack Dempsey (Eds.) Trends and Issues in Instructional Technology. Prentice Hall.Hayman-Abello S.E. Warriner E.M. (2002). Child clinical/pediatric neuropsychology some young advances. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 309-339.Stewart, K. L., Felicetti, L. A. (1992). Learning styles of marketing majors. Educational Research Quarterly, 15(2), 15-23.Gracia, Jorge J. E. (1988) Individuality An Essay on the Foundations of Metaphysics. State Univ. of New York Press.