Science :: essays research papers

LAW, SOCIAL SCIENCE, LITERATURE, LAW SCHOOL, AND PERSONAL STATEMENTS Law School Admissions Why Bother? Stately and plump, Harvard Law School admits just 850 to yield a class of 550 for Yale, fewer than 400 admitted brings a svelte class of 170. Ever battling its late entry and the suspectness of a West Coast address -- newness coupled with the experience that sunshine vitiates seriousness -- Stanford Law School admitted 435 to make a class of 180 for the class of 1998. For the most part, students admitted to Stanford either go to Stanford, go to Harvard, go to Yale, or dont go to law school. Five-hundred fifty plus 150 plus 180 equals 880. Eight-hundred eighty is just 30 more than 850, which implies that Harvard, which was maiden, still is first when it comes to circumscribing the legal elite. In other words, if Harvard effectively locates the 850 students who will be divided among itself, Stanford, and Yale, why bother worrying about what Stanford does, who it admits? As this rea soning goes, Harvard has taken parcel out of things. Harvard defines the 850 students, implying that the admissions procedures of the latter two are superfluous -- like so much, parasitic on Harvard. Not so. First, it matters, year to year, for as long as Stanfords and Yales classes are small and Harvards is big, who Stanford and Yale reject. Stanford rejects contribute importantly to the Schools reputation. Stanford admits 400 compared to Harvards 800. Assuming considerable overlap in application patterns, more of Harvards last 400 admitees were likely rejected by Stanford. The perception, widely held, that attendance at Harvard means one could have gone anywhere is assumed rejection by Stanford serves as a reminder of the propositions falseness. The presence of Stanford rejects at Harvard is another way of saying Stanford is good because, as everyone knows, Harvard is good. More broadly, it is come-at-able to play renegade in this game as Stanford apparently did several years ago by admitting older students and reaching outside the 850. Thus it does, or can, matter who Stanford admits in the sense of Stanford making an original contribution to the 850 who will compose the first year classes at Harvard, Yale, and Stanford. What is being rewarded or predicted when an applicant is considered -- in particular something that differs from the competing schools -- can materially alter, for good or for bad, the profession by deliberately attempting to send a different sort of person into the law.

Silencing the Left in Modern America Essay -- Essays Papers

Silencing the Left in Modern AmericaJust so you know, were ashamed the President of the United States is from Texas. -- Natalie Maines on tour in EnglandThe crowd erupted in cheers. Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks band had just excited two megabyte fans in a small London club with her anti-Bush statement, only one week before American forces entered Iraq. The Dixie Chicks finished their concert riding the soaring of their audiences support. Little did they know the trouble these fifteen words would cause. When Maines and the other Dixie Chicks, Martie Maguire and Emily Robison, returned to their hotel in London later that week, their manager received a call informing them that the Associated Press found out what they had said. Their manager consoled them, dont worry. Its going to blow over in three days. just now it didnt. Unwittingly, the Dixie Chicks found themselves in a maelstrom of angry political and social debate. Their country music fan base, predominantly cons ervative Americans, felt estranged by their statement. Opposition came in many forms on the Internet, on the radio waves, on television, from individuals, and from corporations. The size and nature of the hostility to the Dixie Chicks and other celebrities is unprecedented. The boycotts, censorship, and threats all fountainhead to an alarming new trend arising from the latest war in Iraq.During the 1950s, Americans held a deep-seated fear that all that they had fought for in World War II namely, the license of the world from fascists was being lost to the worldwide communist revolution. As a result, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was reestablished to monitor the behavior of radicals dangerous to the nation. Mostly us... ...john_lennon.html. 15 November 2004.Kot, Greg. Musicians protests of Iraq War create conflicts within industry. Columbia free-and-easy Tribune 30 March 2003 .Krugman, Paul. Dixie Chicks and Clear Channel Communications. New Yor k Times. 26 March 2003.Lee, Zach. Sticks and stones vs. opinions. The Daily Cougar. Volume 68, Issue 124. 2 April 2003.Maguire, Martie, Natalie Maines, and Emily Robison. Interview with Diane Sawyer. Primetime Thursday. ABC. New York. 24 April 2003.The Dixie Chicks Come Clean. Entertainment. May 2003.What Music Stars Are Saying About The War In Iraq. Radio One Global . 26 November 2004.Wiener, John. Gimme Some Truth The John Lennon F.B.I. Files. The University of California Press, Berkeley 1999.

Women as Objects in A Woman on a Roof Essay -- Doris Lessing Woman on

Wo men as Objects in A Woman on a Roof Doris Lessings A Woman on a Roof allows us to understand how some men view fair sex as chaste objects for display and possession. Lessing shows how each of the male characters moves and deals with rejection from a woman cheerbathing on a close-fittingby rooftop. We discover how trinity mens preoccupation with sex keeps them oblivious(predicate) of how their advances may be unwanted and ignorant of their actions possible consequences. All three men share the desire to get this womans attention. Working on a rooftop of a block of flats in the hot, hot, sun, these men seek a diversion from the relentless heat. They whistle, yell, and wave at a near naked woman on a rooftop nearby, but the woman pays no mind to them. Their isolation on the rooftop and the womans relentless indignation fuels the mens decent into a world of lewd behavior, thereby creating an atmosphere of harassment and rejection. They become taunted by this womans indiffere nce towards them. All three men have distinctly different attitudes towards the situation they have created. Each has experienced rejection from women. In fact, each displays a level of hardness that affects his attitude. They each react differently to the womans indifference and each take his efforts to different levels. Tom, the youngest, represents a primary level, a man untouched by rejection. Stanley, the instigator, clearly at a secondary level to Tom, shows a man slightly touched by rejection. Stanley hates the blows of rejection to his manhood. Harry, on the other hand, represents a final level where he considers the womans presence trivial. He is long since married and possibly has suffered many indignities with regards to the scowls of women.... ...displayed lessons learned in their attitudes. They knew when to quit. Tom took his unbridled actions all the way because he knew no better. The men return to work the next day with a new distraction on their minds. The weather has changed suddenly and is no longer attractive to sun bathers. Without the presence of the woman on the roof there are no sexual thoughts to preoccupy them. For Tom and Stanley, the consequences of their actions are forgotten and only evident in their new levels of understanding. Works Cited Allen, Orphia J., Short Story Criticism. Vol 16. Ed. Thomas Vottler. Detroit, MI Gale Research, Co., 1990. Atack, Margaret., Short Story Criticism. Vol 6. Ed. Thomas Vottler.Detroit, MI Gale Research, Co., 1990. Leasing, Doris. A Woman on a Roof. The harpist Anthology Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York HarperCollins, 1981.

Absolute Truth :: essays research papers

The question of right and wrong has been battled over for centuries. Many conservatives still believe that truth is absolute, while other(a)s dis touch, aphorism that truth is relative. I believe that truth is absolute, and therefore, it is never right to do wrong.Socrates is questionably the greatest philosopher of all time. He preached out against immorality and more other evils. He spent his whole life teaching other masses how to be good and moral. In the Crito he is imprisoned and awaiting his goal sentence for delusory the youth, of which he has been wrong accused. Crito, his friend, comes to visit him in jail and they have a long conversation, which is the Crito. Socrates and his friend could have fairly easily broken out of the prison, because many of the guards looked up to Socrates and didnt wish to see him killed. Socrates made the point that if he were to leave jail, he would be breaking the law. Even though he had been wrongly accused and sentenced to death for n o reason, he couldnt go against his own teachings, or else his whole life would have been in vain. He knew that if he didnt escape, he would die and would orphan his two children, however no matter how such(prenominal) he loved Steve Weber-2them, he wouldnt contradict his teaching by doing wrong. Even though Socrates wasnt perfect, he would always make a conscious effort to do right. Breaking out of jail would be blatantly wrong, and he couldnt bring himself to do it.Adolf Hitler is directly and indirectly responsible for more deaths than almost anyone in history. Over six million Jews alone were killed because of his death camps. In The Plot to Kill Hitler, a group of German officers and many others formed an underground society to try and kill Hitler. Most people would agree that what they were doing was okay because Hitler was such a bad man. Unfortunately, they were wrong. Murder is always wrong, no matter who is being killed. Right and wrong can not be severalise through soci etys perspective. Society tends to look at everything relative to its situation. When determining right and wrong we have to look to the absolute truth, not our personal feelings. Committing certain wrongs may be accepted by society more than other wrongs. If someone were to kill the President, people would be outraged and demand justice, but if someone were to kill a homeless person, many people could shrug it off with out so much as batting an eye.

Groups Opposing Active Euthanasia For Robert Wendland :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Groups Opposing Active Euthanasia For Robert Wendland   On September 29, 1993, Robert Wendland, then age 42, was mingled in a vehicle accident. He was in a coma for 16 months. In January 1995, Mr. Wendland came out of the coma, but he remains severely cognitively impaired. He is paralyzed on the objurgate side. He communicates using a Yes/No communication board. He receives food and fluids through a feeding tube. During rehabilitation, he has been able to do such activities as grasp and release a ball, operate an electric wheelchair with a joystick, move himself in a manual wheelchair with his left(p) hand or foot, balance himself momentarily in a standing frame while grabbing and pulling thera-putty, draw the letter R, and choose and replace pass color blocks out of several color choices. The Probate Court appointed Robert Wendlands wife, Rose, as conservator of his person under the Probate Code. Rose sought agency from the court to remove the feeding tube, thereby starvi ng him to death. Roberts mother (Florence Wendland) and sister (Rebekah Vinson) objected.   Various groups opposed to active euthanasia became involved in the case with amicus apprize   Not dead(a) Yet is a national grassroots organization of people with disabilities formed in response to the increasing popularity of, and laws permitting, physician assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States and around the world. Not Dead Yets mission is to advocate against legalization of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia, and to bring a disability-rights situation and awareness of the effects of discrimination to the legal and sociological debate around euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Formed in 1996 in Illinois, Not Dead Yet has worked to educate, have a bun in the oven, coordinate and lead the disability communitys effort to stop the right to die from becoming a duty to die or a right to kill. While it is impossible to determine how many people with disabi lities, family members and allies, call themselves members of Not Dead Yet, members have undertaken specific activities in the name of the organization and in support of its mission in at least 30 states. Not Dead Yet has given invited testimony in the beginning the U.S. Congress three times, once before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee and twice before the Constitution Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives. When Not Dead Yet members attended the long awaited 1999 trial of Jack Kevorkian (the low after three years of non-prosecution, and scores of assisted suicides of people with non-terminal disabilities) and silently demanded the equal protection of the law, he was convicted.

Groups Opposing Active Euthanasia For Robert Wendland :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Groups Opposing Active Euthanasia For Robert Wendland   On September 29, 1993, Robert Wendland, then age 42, was involved in a vehicle accident. He was in a coma for 16 months. In January 1995, Mr. Wendland came out of the coma, but he remains severely cognitively impaired. He is paralyzed on the unspoilt side. He communicates using a Yes/No communication board. He receives food and fluids through a feeding tube. During rehabilitation, he has been able to do such activities as grasp and release a ball, operate an electric wheelchair with a joystick, move himself in a manual wheelchair with his left hand or foot, balance himself momently in a standing frame while grabbing and pulling thera-putty, draw the letter R, and choose and replace requested deform blocks out of several color choices. The Probate Court appointed Robert Wendlands wife, Rose, as conservator of his person under the Probate Code. Rose sought authorization from the court to remove the feeding tube, thereby s tarving him to death. Roberts mother (Florence Wendland) and sister (Rebekah Vinson) objected.   Various groups opposed to active euthanasia became involved in the case with amicus briefs   Not Dead Yet is a national grassroots organization of people with disabilities formed in response to the increasing popularity of, and laws permitting, physician assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States and nearly the world. Not Dead Yets mission is to advocate against legitimateization of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia, and to bring a hinderance-rights perspective and awareness of the effects of discrimination to the legal and sociological debate around euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Formed in 1996 in Illinois, Not Dead Yet has worked to educate, support, coordinate and lead the disability communitys effort to stop the right to die from becoming a duty to die or a right to kill. While it is impossible to determine how umteen people with disabilities , family members and allies, call themselves members of Not Dead Yet, members have undertaken specific activities in the name of the organization and in support of its mission in at least(prenominal) 30 states. Not Dead Yet has given invited testimony ahead the U.S. Congress three times, once before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee and twice before the Constitution Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives. When Not Dead Yet members attended the long awaited 1999 trial of Jack Kevorkian (the first after three years of non-prosecution, and rafts of assisted suicides of people with non-terminal disabilities) and silently demanded the equal protection of the law, he was convicted.

Falcon-Star Software Essay

Falcon-Star Software is newly established Software Company which came into existence in 1994. It has offices in both upper-case letter and Canada. The company is based on providing web based solutions to its customers worldwide. It aims to fulfill altogether our customers software based and customized application based needs. Our mission is to provide quality dish up to our customers who need our help for their businesses at reasonable rates and provide them the best solutions that will solve their problems for a extensive period of time.At the moment we fork out two offices to develop our software, our main competitors are also situated close to us and also across the globe, therefore we have to be much centre and plan our strategies accordingly else we can run out of business. Our company is divided into three main plane sections of information systems group, provisioning services Group, and manager of customer Service. Each department has its own set of directors down the stairs whom each(prenominal) of the heads of the departments and managers will be functioning.Since our organization is new we dont have too many departments that is why each person will be doing multiple roles at the same time. You will be answerable to the CEO who will be there to over go to your work and help you with your decisions. (Robbins & Judge, 2005) Since we are in the initial stages of our business therefore we all need to work as one team and plan things onward so that we can reduce the mishaps that can occur in future. As the manger of our departments I expect you all to be very clear of the mission of this company and based on that you define and identify your goals.This would include strategic planning and staff planning. Your senior managers are going to establish the over all objectives for the company and its your job to turn them into tactical objectives and make your less seniors workers understand them. (Fleming, 2005) Leadership is an important part of beco ming a successful manager. It is your ability to tinge other people so that they fashion up to you, trust you and therefore give in their best. It is your responsibility to take care of your sub ordinates who will be helping you with your work.Motivation is an important part of learnership. You need to keep your employees intact with the goal of the company. Make them understand their importance to this company. Employees are one of the greatest assets of a company and we dont want to lose this asset. (Employee Engagement A Concept Clean Up) As a manager you are responsible to look into all the matters that are under your control. In order to make things works in a systematic way you will have do conduct your team of workers, time and resources in the most efficient manner. It is not about giving instructions only.You need the right kind of people to work under you and delegate responsibility to them . There should be clear division of work. And each department is accountable f or its outcome but they all should work for one roughhewn vision. Well planned and organized work is a sign of good management and that is what we want our managers to be like at Falcon-Star Software. It is your duty to measure the feat of your department and your employees by comparing it against the targets that you had set for your self and if there are any shortcoming you need to over come that by taking usurp corrective actions.This will help you in not repeating the same mistake again and learn more from the past experience. As it is said by Hertzberg that giving feed back is very important if things are going the way you wanted them to be. (Echols, 2005) Apart from them you are responsible for coordination between your different activities. The goals of each department should be the same. Try to avoid situations which would end up wasting resources, money and effort. Our aim is to give our customers the best developed software to fulfill their requirement. fade with your s taff and encourage them. Failure to keep satisfied employees can adversely affect the business. Different managers have different ways of approaching problems. You can carry your own ways of doing work as long as its giving us result. You should understand your role and what we want from you at work. You have to plan, organize, control, communicate, and lead the organization and its employees. Our focus is our customers. We together have to work as a team so that our goal is met and we are able to compete with our competitors successfully.For that we require efforts from each individual however, the role of a manager in a company is versatile. They give fuel to the organization. Its now on your ability and work and commitment and how you attempt pressure. (Echols, 2005)Works Cited Fleming, John H. (November 2005). Where Employee Engagement Happens. Harvard Business Review Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge (2005). Organizational Behavior, Twelfth edition Pearsons Publishers Employee Engagement A Concept Clean Up. bsiconsulting, Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http//bsiconsulting. com. au/pdfs/Engagement%20Clean%20Up%2003. pdf

Destructive Force: Reality Television Essay

Reality television receiver appearings atomic number 18 coming into courts base of operationsd on real batch in real time. Individuals are put, as a group, in a particular environment where each person, or team, experiences roughly the same things. The fan base for realty yields is extensive and the number of shows has been rapidly increasing in recent years. Reality television has constrain very popular and, for some, even addicting. These shows, overall, have become detrimental to the public. The negative effects these shows have on the public at large far outweigh the entertainment value or positive effects. spell in that respect are shows that are beneficial, ingenuousness television can have negative effects on the public because it can become an addiction, it raises the standard of dish antenna for women, and it can prematurely advance the development of cozyity in teenagers. Reality television shake offs a huge impact on teen and pre-teen auditions. Increased f amiliar awareness and insecurity are the two most prominent. Some of the most popular verity shows for these groups are romance based shows ilk The Bachelor. The Bachelor is a show where a single man is presented with a group of attractive single women of which he must choose one to be a potency wife.The man goes on dates with each womanhood individualistly and sometimes in groups. Weekly, he must decide which candidates he does not wish to go on another date with. During the first few weeks of the show, multiple women are eliminated at the same time. Later on, however, they are eliminated one by one. The same is true for the show Joe Millionaire. Yet another show that is romantically based is Temptation Island, where a couple tests the strength of their sexual congressship by each living in a separate residence with a group of attractive individuals of the opposite sex.The goal is to resist the temptation of getting romantically involved with any of the individuals living wit h them. It is vox populi that the reason teens and pre-teens watch romantically themed reality shows is that they are viewed almost as a feeble show. Temptation Island and similar programs usually feature a competition-based format, elements of game shows, sensationalism, a lighthearted, lively tone, and teasing and/or romantic storylines (Vandenbosch & Eggermont 2011).Watching these shows has the possibility of increasing teen and pre-teen sexual awareness as well as ever-changing the perceived normal sexual attitude. Vandenbosch and Eggermont hypothesize that Watching RTRT is positively associated with (a) increased stereotyping of male and female sexuality (referring to mens sexual obsession and women as sexual objects), with (b) stronger endorsement of a positive attitude toward steady, long-term relationships, and with (c) an increased importance attached to romantic characteristics of the perfect associate. UsingThe Bachelor as an example, this inwardness that by ceremoni al the show, it is possible that the teen and pre-teen audiences will believe that a man is supposed to be able to shop around and a woman should be competing for a mans guardianship, long term relationships are something to avoid until the right one is found, and that there are certain qualities the perfect partner have to possess. The viewing of these shows similarly leads to increased peer to peer conversation about sexual relationships.For young people, their peers are one of their most trusted sources of instruction therefore, speaking with each other about sexual relations can easily lead to actually performing the act itself. Viewing the fact that there are a large number of pre-teen viewers, it can be hypothesized that this can lead to premature sexual activity. Viewing RTRT is positively related to increased estimates of the sexual experiences of peers. ( Vandenbosch & Eggermont 2011). A exact was taken on teens and pre-teens versus specific shows.The purpose of this s tudy was to see how many of these young people watched 5 of the most popular reality shows on the air. The youths were broken into two age groups, 8-12 and 13-18. For the 8-12 age group, the percentages ranged from 40%-70% depending on the show. The 13-18 age group had a slightly larger percentage range of 27%-70%. Reality television creates a huge impact on womens views of themselves. Shows such as Extreme Makeover raise the bar on the standard of salmon pink for women.Extreme Makeover is a show where women who are unhappy with their appearance and the romantic aspect of their lives. The show performs cosmetic surgeries and sends the client to high end shops for makeup and wardrobe. Shows like this make many women insecure about their looks. It portrays the image that if a womans physical appearance is not equivalent to the standards depicted on the show, so the woman cannot be happy. A study was conducted on a controlled group of both male and female subjects from multiple ethni c groups.The individuals were exposed to the Extreme Makeover show and then given over a survey afterwards in which they answered a controlled group of questions and then were allowed to make their own judgment of the show at the end. This study concluded that there was really no difference in the response to the presentation of the standard of female beauty. In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find a gender difference in emerging adult men and womens responses to the media presentation of idealized female beauty. (Markey & Markey 2012) The study did show, however, that while the majority of men were uninterested to the idea of pursuing plastic surgery after watching the show, a large portion of women, mainly composed of individuals that enjoyed reality shows, had an increased desire to accompany plastic surgery. These types of shows can have a deeper impact than just raising the standard of female beauty and increasing the desire for cosmetic surgery. These shows can simi larly lead to an increase in the severity of emotional disorders among women.Another show that has an impact on the standard of females was discussed earlier, which is The Bachelor. The Bachelor portrays beautiful women as emotional and attention seeking. The show does not focus on the remaining women throughout the show. They focus on the man and the women who have been eliminated. The action of the series is propelled by a prolonged process of eliminating women until one remains, with the narrative focus on how and why women are not selected by the bachelor. (Dubrofsky 2009) This includes the borrowed term,money shot. This refers to the clip of an eliminated contestant being overly emotional. The show indicates that if a woman cannot control her emotions completely, she is undeserving of love. By focusing on this, the show gives the impression that most women are uncontrollably emotional and there are only a few who have the composure it takes to be loved by a man. Men and women take different things from this, notwithstanding still become at the same conclusion. Men see women as highly emotional and not worth their time, while women see themselves as not worth a mans time if they show emotion.This ultimately leads to shorter relationships and low self esteem for women. A third problem that reality television can arrive is addiction. People have a tendency to become addicted to these shows and feel the need to watch them every week. duration this does not seem like it would be an issue, it becomes one when an individual watches multiple shows. The addiction can take priority over other aspects of daily life, especially for youths. School work gets neglected in favor of seeing what will happen on the weekly episode of their favorite reality shows.Reality television can become an addiction from the empathy and relation the audience can have to the individuals on the show. From the women on The Bachelor to the people on The Biggest Loser, almost anyone ca n relate to one or more of the individuals on these reality shows. There are some positive effects and a few reality shows that are beneficial to the public. Shows like Supernanny and The Biggest Loser promote health to the public. Supernanny is a show where the supernanny goes to homes in which the children have gotten out of control and the parents have no idea how to handle them.The supernanny coaches the parents and the children in ways to communicate and be close-set(prenominal) as a family. Videos are taken around the clock to see how the parents and children respond to each other in typical home situations. These videos allow the audience to view the right and wrong way to approach things and what the consequences are. Reality TV parenting programmes, such as Supernanny, Little Angels, and The House of Tiny Tearaways, all use plant video as a prominent element, not only of the audiovisual spectacle of reality television but also of the therapy, counselling, coaching and in struction intrinsic to these programmes. (McIlvenny 2011) While watching someone like the supernanny coach families, the at home audience also receives advice on how to deal with issues at home. The Biggest Loser is a show where intemperately over free weight people are selected to compete for a large sum of money.These people are put through exercise routines, challenges, and dieting. The team or individual that loses the largest percentage of weight wins the week and the individual that loses the smallest percentage of weight is eliminated and sent home. The show also reaches out to the community and sends the finalists home for a eek to test their resolve, but also to lead their community in an exercise day. In the most recent season of The Biggest Loser, not only did the network select overweight adults, they also selected 3 overweight youths for a special program. By doing this, they showed the at home audience that children are having weight problems as well, and that it can be dealt with. Throughout the season, references are made to the families of the people on the show, with the main focus on the family members that were also overweight but had been inspired to lose weight due to their relative losing weight on the show.The participants in the show are put through rigorous exercise routines by 3 fitness experts, taught how to eat healthy and what foods are acceptable, given competitive challenges for special rewards. There are other benefits to reality television besides the show specific benefits to health and welfare. The wide range of viewing audiences allows for watching reality shows to be a family event, bringing families closer together. Another benefit is using reality TV as a way to wind bolt down from daily life and activities.Come home from a long day at work and watch your favorite show. Though there are benefits to reality television, the premature advancement of sexuality in youths, the addiction that can occur from watching reality s hows, and the forming of idealized female beauty make reality television a negative influence on society. If only reality shows that were beneficial to the public were to be allowed on the air, these issues would be avoidable. Another option would be to make more reality shows similar to the few current beneficial shows.

Credentialing System Implementation Essay

The previous two parts of this three-part assignment, the systems analytic thinking and practise architecture and process design aspect of the credentialing softw be project at TPI Health Systems (TPI) was explored. This last paper will explore the implementation stage of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) as it related to the credentialing project at TPI. thither are six major steps to the implementation form of the SDLC (1) coding, (2) scrutiny, (3) installation, (4) documentation, (5) teaching and (6) support.The text actually details five steps and breaks-out the last step, support, into its own phase (Satzinger, Jackson, & Burd, 2004, p. 626). The first phase, coding, is done in any of three development styles (1) introduce, process, output, (2) top-down, (3) bottom up. The input, process, output (IPO) manner is specify by first doing the activities that require external input followed by elements that process the input and concluded by programmes that produce o utput (Zachman, 1987, p. 279). The IPO is effective in developing user interface first and simplifies testing.It does throw off a dis advantage of late output modules (Satzinger et al. p. 629). The top-down and bottom up methods produce the needed top or bottom modules, respectively. Top-down coding has the advantage of having a working version of the program. Poor utilization of programming personnel in the beginning of the project is disadvantage of the top-down development method. The bottom-up method puts programming personnel to work immediate, utilizing resources effectively. Unfortunately, this method also requires additional programming to test the modules, as well as an overall delay of testing by waiting for the top modules to be genuine.The credentialing project at TPI used a weak IPO method of coding. The major attention was placed on converting the data in the existing Visual Fox format to Microsoft SQL 2000 compatible data. The company, SyMed, made no provision for any user interface changes. The process of how a credentialing application flowed through the TPI credentialing process was observed in the analysis phase of the project and the project team had wanted some user interface changes to accommodate TPI processes.These changes did not fit into the SyMed project plan, so the TPI process was changed to accommodate the pre-written user interface of the SyMed system. Testing is the next phase of the implementation phase. A comprehensive testing program includes a stepwise process starting with unit testing, followed by testing of group components called integration testing and concluded with entire systems test (Satzinger et al. , 2004, p. 640). Individual units or modules are tested prior to integration with more advanced modules, using driver modules. Once a set of modules are put together, integration testing can take place.These test include checking for interface compatibility, run-time exceptions, parameter values and unexpected state interactions (Satzinger et al. , p. 644-645). Jeff Theobald suggests that an effort should be made to concentrate not on just errors in a single application or module, but also the system as a whole and between systems (Theobald, 2007). After these tests are completed, the project goes on to system testing. System testing often involves daily build and smoke tests, where the system is set to run and is observed for smoke or errors (McConnell, 1996). The TPI credentialing system was tested in this manner.The project made it through the first two testing phases (unit and integration), but neer made it out of systems testing. It smoked and never stopped payable to a basic inability of the data store to handle the TPI method of placing multiple doctors in multiple entities. The SyMed development team called in the architect of the system and a step back to the analysis phase was made. Their entire development team, along with the architect, made a trip from Nashville to Louisville to reforge the initial analysis. The team went back to Nashville with the new data and called back to say they could not do the project.The end of the project consumed uncounted person-hours, 7 months on the calendar and about $25,000 dollars. The next part of the implementation phase is installation. This phase is accomplished by several methods. The first is direct installation. This is where the new system is installed and employ and the old system is turned off. This is a simple but risky way for a new system to be deployed. The next possible method of installation is parallel. This method is demonstrated by keeping both systems going for an extended amount of time.This is a low risk but high monetary value implementation scenario. Phased installation is the last method and is characterized by multiple possible pathways to final installation. Phased installation is also low risk, but can become preferably complex due to the multiple pathways (Satzinger et al. , 2004). The TPI c redentialing system, had it made it to this phase, was to be a parallel installation. Documentation is the next phase of implementation and usually consists of user documentation and systems documentation. user documentation is descriptions to users on how to work together with the system.It is typically how to startup and shutdown the system, the keystrokes necessary to do specific tasks, functions necessary to perform a specific cognitive operation and troubleshooting tips (Satzinger et al. , 2004). System documentation usually consists of information necessary to maintain and re-implement the system in the event of a disaster. System documentation includes maintenance and upgrade procedures, analysis methods and in some cases, the source code and testing data (Satzinger et al. ). The TPI credentialing program had available pre-printed manuals of SyMeds existing user interface and command sequences.The SyMed systems documentation was never provided. The next phase of implementat ion is training. Training can consist of formalized classes or presentations self paced learning or group training. This training should be active and emphasize actual applications that the system was created to perform. Timing of training is important. Training can be performed too early in the implementation progress, leading to unnecessary training that may need to be un-learned. Training is often seen as a luxury by some companies and is sometime omitted. This can be a expensive mistake (Satzinger et al. , 2004).The TPI credentialing system was scheduled to have two days of formalized onsite training. The final phase of the implementation phase is support. As mention earlier, this phase s sometimes broken-out as its own stage. It is also often rolled into the training phase. Support is usually considered some form of help desk for most software development, though some companies offer only online documentation and troubleshooting. For this premise to work, the documentation ne eds to be robust and thorough. The TPI credentialing system never got to this phases and was unable to utilize either system.The misfortune of the TPI credentialing system software project had many contributors. Poor analysis and implementation of the SDLC was paramount, as well as budgetary issues. To sum it up, the failure was mostly due to TPI not knowing exactly what they wanted and needing more abilities than they had resources for, coupled with SyMeds inability to recognize their limitations. The failure outlined above could have been mitigated by the knowledge and utilization of the capability due date module (CMM). The CMM is a matrix that defines an organizations maturity of software processes Anderson, 2001).CMM is a process identification whose goal is to use defined and repeatable processes in software development. TPI would have scored a one and SyMed may have scored a two. Figure 1 illustrates the five modules of the CMM. Figure 1. Capability maturity module. This to ol can be utilized by both software clients and vendors to identify potential success in a given software project. Additionally, IBM has developed the Rational Unified Process (RUP) for the object-oriented approach of software development. RUP is designed to make designed and repeatable processes easier. There are individuals who disagree with contention of repeatability for both CMM and RUP, claiming that desire movies, software development success is not always repeatable.

Pain Measured Visual Analogue Scale Health And Social Care Essay

The reappraisal of cogitate literary works is a indispensable facets of scientific look into. Its entails the positive designation, contemplation, critical digest and coverage of bing information in relation to the job of involvement. The intent of reappraisal of literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information slightly the effectiveness of ambulation on improve agnate ease decrease of infliction perceptual experience, resolving of task during initial arrange of intentness.The intent of reappraisal literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information about the effectivity of ambulation on enatic(p)(p) comfort, hurting perceptual experience & A result of labor.The literature gathered from sole reappraisal is depicted under the undermentioned header.Section A books related to trouble perceptual experience during graduation exercise manakin of labor.Section B belles-lettres related to assorted maternal indicates for mater nal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first material body of labor.Section C Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut nap hurting perceptual experience.Section D Literature related to non pharmacological hurting whollyeviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Section A Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during first phase of labor.Campbell & A Kurtz ( 2004 ) conducted a descriptive keep an eye on characterized the labor hurting at two phases of cervical dilation with selected crowd 78 lying-ining womanly parents and compared the hurting experienced at 2 phases of dilation ( 2-5 centimeter and of 6-10 centimeter ) with openhanded females in Greenville. Stage s of hurting paced by Visual Analogue Scale, Present Pain effectiveness, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and 1 observational step, the nurse-rated Behavioural Index of Pain. The reexamine subjects revealed that there was all-important(prenominal) addition in hurting with increased dilation occurred for all female parents twain prim and multigravidas. He concluded that labor hurting was equalin primi gravida than the multigravidas.Lopez & A Pires ( 2000 ) conducted the randomize control token deal was designed to account the relationship between the parturients consecrate and her abdominal and lumbar ( uninterrupted and contraction ) hurting during the first phase of labor. A homogenous root of 100 parturients was selected in obstetric section of a general infirmary, Argentina. Samples were every which way appoint to chutely presume the horizontal or the perpendicular place for 15-min periods. Positions were safely selected by the parturients. Therefore, the female parent adopted ( a ) a self-elected place, ( B ) recumbent ( or erect ) , ( degree Celsius ) a self-elected place, ( vitamin D ) erect ( or recumbent ) , and so on. Pain strength was measured by the Argentine Pain Questionnaire s Present Pain Intensity and the Huskisson s opthalmic parallel graduated table. The findings revealed that a bulk of parturients felt less abdominal and lumbar hurting, either uninterrupted or due to contractions, during recumbency. The consequence was more singular when dilation exceeded five centimeters and less intense during the first half of the first phase of labor. He concluded that place may adjuvant to cut subjugate the hurting degree during first phase of labor.Mikolajczyk, Sundaram & A Beaver Fraser ( 2010 ) conducted a study survey in aimed to analyze labor forms in a big population and to inquiry an alternate attack for naming unnatural labour patterned advance. The survey were selected sum of 26,838 parturient, who had a singleton term gestation, ad-lib oncoming of labor, vertex presentation, and a normal antenatal result in Maryland. An interval-censored arrested development method was used.The consequences revealed that Nulliparous adult females had longest and most gradual labor turn out and get down the wide awake stage after 5 centimeter of cervical dilation and may non needfully oblige a clear active stage and multiparous adult females of polar paras had really similar curves. Researcher concluded that active stage of labor may non get down until 5 centimeters of cervical dilation in multiparous and even later in nulliparous and after 6 centimeter distension merely the advancement in all gestation during labor.Niven & A Gijsbers ( 2004 ) conducted the exploratory survey aimed to analyze the nature, beginning, and effectivity of hurting get bying schemes used during childbearing with 51 British adult females was assessed around the get dressed of birth. Pain was measured by ocular parallel graduated tables and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Analysis of informations obtained in an drawn-out semi-structured interview. Subjects were found to utilize a scope of schemes during labor, numerous of which they had antecedently used to get by with hurting. In findings that the entire figure of schemes used in labor was negatively correlated with degrees of labor hurting.Section B Literature related to assorted maternal places for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of laborAndrews CM & A chrzanowski ( 1985 ) Conduct a randomised clinical test to measure the maternal comfort by supplying assorted unsloped places in 40 laboring adult females s randomly assigned to either unsloped recumbent place. During the stage of maximal incline of labor. When the cervical distension from 4cm to 9cm, Every hr during the stage of maximal incline. The investigate player examined each sample vaginally to find her cervical distension and assessed her degree of comfort by utilizing maternal comfort appraisal tool the adult females in unsloped place pigeonholing had significantly shorter stage of maximal i ncline of in labor and easing uterine contractions & A increasing comfort to the female parent.Bauer et Al ( 1987 ) Conducted a comparative survey to measure the effects of standing place and supine place on self-generated uterine contractions and other facets of labor in 20 normal term female parents they were given by standing and supine place frailty versa with the clip law of continuation of 30 proceedingss the look prole examined each sample every 30 proceedingss for cervical distension and hurting perceptual experience. The research histrion found that the strength of contractions was significantly higher(prenominal) in 15 out of 20 female parents in standing place frequence of contraction diminished and Reduced continuance of labor.the research doer concluded that there is no inauspicious effects and complications in standing place during labor.Carlson ( 1999 ) in an article a survey by supplying different maternal places to measure the comfort dress foetal out semen & A duet ion of labor. In 80 gravida I unsophisticated female parents. The places elect by female parents. The research doer found that the different places improved maternal comfort & A foetal out semen. & A cut down continuance of labor.Chen shin-zon ( 2003 ) in an article tell that a survey to measure the effectivity of sitting place on labour hurting during first phase of labour.the research worker found that in sitting place the increased resting force per unit area in the sitting place is of several(prenominal) importance in the supplementing the down ward bringing force and increasing bearing down force per unit area in the sitting place could assist to significantly shorten the continuance.Gupta et Al ( 2000 ) In an article stated survey To measure the safe birth sober maternal & A fetal out come by supplying unsloped places at Birmingham adult females s infirmary Edgbaston, UK the places adopted natively by adult females during birth has been described as early 188 2 by Engel am. The research worker found that by supplying assorted unsloped places like keeping Rope, delivering soften, hardhearted, crouching the female parent volition hold safe birth decreased perinatal jobs.Liu ( 2003 ) conducted a descriptive survey to measure the cut down continuance of labor by supplying up right places in 68 primi gravida female parents between the age of 18 to 25 old ages were assigned to three congregations. One group used a 30 grade unsloped place with no bearing down instructions and 2nd group used a 30 unsloped place with bearing down instructions the research worker found that the unsloped place enhanced the descent head teacher with shorter continuance of labor in both first and 2nd phase of labor.May berry et Al ( 2003 ) in an article stated descriptive survey to measure the facilitating advancement of labor by supplying assorted unsloped places. At New York university. The survey sample is 74 laboring healthy adult females. Supplying unslope d places for all adult females. The research worker founded that easing advancement of labour decrease of vaginal hemorrhage better neonatal out semen.Miquelutti et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a explanatory survey to measure the effectivity of unsloped place during first phase of labor during first phase of labor to better obstetrical and perinatal result. The research worker allotted 50 four adult females for experimental group. They were given unsloped place and other 50 three adult females in control group they were given supine place.the difference between two groups were evaluated by utilizing I2 will coxon and fishers exact trials significance was p & lt 0.05 think ratio is 95 % . The research worker concluded that the unsloped place during first phase of labor will cut down continuance of labor.Roberts et Al ( 2005 ) stated that systematic reappraisal to cut down instrumental bringing by supplying up right places during labour.in Centre for perinatal wellness in Sydney.the survey participles were 281 gravida I female parents in that 166 experimental group provident up right places & A its control group in accumbent place each trail is analysed by utilizing meta analytic techniques. The research worker concluded that the up right place during labour important decrease of instrumental bringing & A continuance of labour perinatal injury & A bleeding.Roberts & A Malasonos ( 2003 ) conducted a randomised clinical test by supplying sitting in a chair and a side lying to measure the maternal comfort & A uterine efficiency among 19 gravida I female parents alternated between these two places at 30 minute interval for as long possible during labour locating place during early labor cervical distension less than 6cm and trickery on their side in late labor cervical distension greater than 6cm . The research worker found the uterine efficaciousness less in the locating place than in side lying place and excessively locating place will better maternal comf ort.Sandi ( 2001 ) conducted dual blind survey to measure the continuance of labor by supplying unsloped place in selected parturient at the Negress oriental provincial infirmary the research worker provided 45 degree unsloped place the aestivator found that Reduce maximal length of labor in both first & A 2nd phase of labor and good new born out comes.Streamer et Al ( 2005 ) conducted that Randomized control test of evaluate the rotary motion of fetal caput by supplying Hands & A Knee places for occipito posterior place to occipita anterior during labor. In 13 labour units in university attillated infirmary survey participates were 147 laboring adult females with a occipito posterior place in that 70 were custodies keep place at least 30 min over per 1hour the experimental group and 77 were control group. ( No custodies knee positioning ) The research worker used extremist echography to happen out fetal caput rotary motion. read/write head rotary motion following one hr. The res earch worker conclude that the experimental group had important decrease in relentless back hurting, ever-changing of fetal caput to occipito posterior to occipito anterior place and other results like decreased operative bringing and decreased perennial injury and besides good foetal out semen. And the control group have the comparative hazard of operative bringing.vino kiln spectators ( 2003 ) stated that instance control survey to measure the maternal and neonatal out come by supplying assorted places. At section of OBs & A gynecology of the university infirmary viema between 1997 -2002 entire survey participants were 714 labor adult females. 307 adult females were control group supplying supine place & A 307 were experimental group supplying unsloped places ( crouching & A other alternate birth places. The analysis was restricted to 37 hebdomads normal sized fetus & A cephalic persecution with out any medical ( or ) obstetrical hazard the research worker found that unsloped place associated with good effects such as a lower rate of episiotomy, and decreased usage of medical analgesia & A Pitocin.Section C Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experienceHemmiki et Al ( 1985 ) conducted a pilot survey to measure the maternal comfort & A length of labor by supplying ambulation vs. oxytocin disposal. The research worker selected 50 septenary female parents indiscriminately assigned control group & A experimental group.the research worker used as randomized control test for this survey. the research worker provided ambulation for experimental group & A oxytocin for control group. In experimental group 60 % of the adult females in the ambulation delivered their babes with out Pitocin. The average length of first and 2nd phase of labor was reduced and besides they had positive results on the other manus the control group.they are experienced stronger contractions before forcing and be sides enduring from strong contractions. The research worker finds that ambulation will better maternal comfort, out semen of labor & A diminishing length of labor.Lawrence et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to measure maternal comfort & A lessening length of labor by supplying walking and unsloped places at Townsville infirmary Queensland Australia with the sample of 3706 pregnant gravida I female parents they were utilizing random and quasi random trying for comfort and experimental group in experimental group who are different unsloped place and walking the research worker concluded that the first phase of labor about one hr shorter than in a recumbent places and other results labour it will increase good being of female parents & A fetusLupe et Al ( 1986 ) in an article stated that assess the consequence of ambulation during first phase of labor to cut down length of labor.and besides it will rush the advancement of labour.ambulation will better maternal sati sfaction, and besides it will better maternal and fetal out semen. The research worker reported the ambulation reported the ambulation during labor will better greater maternal comfort and ability to digest labors and ability to digest labor hurting, lessening usage of anesthesia and analgesia.Read ja mitter et Al ( 1981 ) conducted a comparative survey to measure the effectivity of ambulation versus oxytocin disposal on better labour advancement. The research worker selected 14 female parents ( who failed augmentation in active stage of labor ) assigned eight female parents in experimental group, they were given ambulation and six female parents in control group, they were given oxytocin extract.the research worker used telemetry to contend maternal and fetal status in foetus bosom rate and bodily process in female parent station of the caput, cervical distension, uterine activity contraction, frequence and efficaciousness. The consequences included labour advancement significant ly better in ambulatory group the research worker concluded that ambulation is effectual than oxytocin.Souja et Al ( 2006 ) in an article a survey to measure to cut down the length of the first phase of labor by supplying ambulation and unsloped places at brazil-nut tree the research worker used Randomised control tests carried to measure the consequence of ambulation the research worker found that the ambulation in the first phase of labor will better maternal comfort & A cut down the length of labor.Stewart & A caldera ( 1984 ) conducted a survey meta analysis to measure the effectivity of maternal position on the advancement of labor. The research worker selected 275 labour adult females are indiscriminately assigned as control group and experimental group, control group were non given any specific place and experimental group were given ambulation. Radio telemetry was used to place fetal bosom rate the consequences included in ambulatory group shorter stage of labor and had m aternal satisfaction, relived from hurting. The research worker concluded that there were significantly shorter labour stage of labour stage in ambulation group.William et Al ( 1980 ) conducted a clinical test to measure the effectivity of ambulation during first phase of labor on improve maternal and fetal result. The research worker selected 48 parturient female parents as experimental group they were given ambulation and another 55mothers are control group they were non given any ambulation. The consequences include the experimental group ( who are given ambulation ) shows improve maternal comfort, cut down hurting and better maternal and fetal result. The research worker concluded that the ambulation in first phase of labor will better maternal and fetal out semen.Wilson mi et al ( 2009 ) conducted a comparitive survey to measure the maternal comfort & A cut down instrumental bringing at Royal Hallam shire infirmary U.K on 1052 gravida I female parents. The research worker spl it up in to two groups. Ambulation for experimental group extradural anesthesia for control group the research worker found that there is difference in experimental group than control group ambulation will better maternal comfort & A Reduce length of labor.Section D Literature related to non pharmacological hurting alleviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Labreque & A Novmen ( 2000 ) conducted a randomized survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacologic attacks to relief the low back hurting. The probe selected a sample of 30 four adult females by utilizing three non pharmacological attacks line intracutaneous saline H2O injections, trans cutaneal electrical nervus stimulations, standard attention including back massage, whirl pool bathtub and broad mobilization. The research worker indiscriminately assigned 1 of 3 interventions. The research worker used ocular parallel graduated table.The adul t females s were self evaluated both strength and effectual. The research worker used to measure satisfaction by utilizing labour a aristocracy graduated table and bringing satisfaction index. The consequences included. The adult females received intradermal unfertile H2O injections group. Unpleasantness of hurting lower than standard attention group. While the teens group ( P= 0.01 and P= .003 ) similar consequences were observed for strength P= .01 and unpleasantness P=.03 hurting assessed merely earlier bringing.The research worker found that there is no important difference between all 3 group save first group has received back hurting during labor.Lee & A Chang Jiang bent ( 2000 ) conducted a quantitative survey to measure the effectivity sp6 shiatsu on labor hurting and bringing clip in labour the research worker selected randomized clinical test at university attached infirmary with the sample size of 75 labour adult females indiscriminately assigned n=36 were experimental group n=39 were control group harmonizing to para, cervical distension, rupture of membranes and labour phase. the research worker include 30 proceedingss acupressure on sp6 acupoint was performed labour hurting was measured four times utilizing structured questionnaire and ocular parallel graduated table. instantly after intercession and 30-60minutes after intercession there were significantly difference between the group in subjective labor hurting tonss at all clip points instantly after intercessions ( p=0.012 ) 30 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.021 ) and 60 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.012 ) the entire labor was significantly shorter in experimental group. The research worker concluded that sp6 G-Jo was effectual in diminishing labor hurtingSimkin & A Ohra ( 2004 ) Conducted a qualitative survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacological methods on labor hurting alleviation maternal satisfaction other obstetric labor. By giving non pharmacologic hurting alleviation methods. At North America in selected infirmaries. The probe used five non pharmacological methods. Those are continuos labour support, touch, bath massage, maternal motion and posters. And intra cuticular H2O blocks for back hurting alleviation. The probe found that all methods are effectual to cut down labor hurting.Increase, maternal comfort and out semen of labor.Toumarie & A Theauyomeau ( 1982 ) In an article on G-Jo on labor hurting alleviation.the research worker used randomized control test for survey to use G-Jo over lumbosacral country during first phase of labour the research worker found that the G-Jo will relief from labour hurting during first phase of labour death usage of anodynes.Water & A Raiser ( 2002 ) Conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of ice massage on labor hurting the research worker selected Hispanic and white pre labour adult females as a survey sample. The research worker used ice massage of the G-Jo energy meridian point big bowe l and ( L 14 ) to cut down labour hurting during contractions ( L 14 ) is located at median mid point of tegument between pollex and forward finger. The research worker chosen pre & A post prove design and which used 100 mm ocular parallel graduated table and MC Gill vexation questionnaire ranked numerically, verbally to mensurate hurting degrees. Participants noted a hurting decrease mean on the VAS of 28.22 on the left manus & A 11.93 millimeter on the right manus. The research worker concluded that ice massage is a safe, effectual, not invasive method of cut downing labour hurting.

Ilm Developing Yourself and Others

Know how to identify phylogenesis needs 1. 1 pick out own discipline style(s) and the nurture style(s) of an different group penis To identify the learning and information style of my egotism and a team member we both completed a Multiple experience (MI) test developed by Howard Gardner. After extremity of the test on myself I have discovered that I have a learning style of Logical Mathematical, with a majority score of 37, tight followed by Interpersonal with a score of 32, (see Appendix 1). People who argon strong in logical-mathematical intelligence ar good at reasoning, recognising patterns and logically goatvas problems.These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, congressships and patterns. Characteristics of Logical-Mathematical Intelligence are * Excellent problem-solving skills * Enjoys thinking about abstract ideas * Likes conducting scientific experiments * comfortably at solving involved computations The conclusion of the test does not com e as a revelation to me. As I am the Finance & group A HR Manager with an rule of accounting qualification this examination confirms my knowledge and learning style as being logical thinking with ability to evaluate and solve problems.During the course of my career and educate aspects I believe that I learn and develop in a methodical and analytical way. I execute mathematical calculations, detecting ir tied(p)ities and patterns, creating resolutions to issues that have been identified, plus producing a strategy to achieve successful starting arrangings within my consumption. After completing the MI test myself I then requested a member of my team (Jane Doe) to complete the same learning styles questionnaire to see what type of style they were. On completing the questionnaire she scored equally n 3 areas Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical and Intrapersonal, (see Appendix 2) People who are strong in linguistic intelligence are able to use words well, both when writing and speaki ng. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, ability to learn languages, memorizing information and reading.They tend to learn best by reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, and by discussing and debating about what they have learned. The characteristics of Linguistic Intelligence are as follows * Good at remembering written and spoken information * Enjoys reading and writing Good at debating or giving compelling speeches * Able to explain things well * Often uses humour when telling stories Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being sensible of their own emotional states, feelings and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including day-dreaming, exploring relationships with others and assessing their personal strengths. The characteristics of Intrapersonal Intelligence are * Good at analysing their strengths and weaknesses * Enjoys analysing theories and ideas * Excellent self- alertness Clearly u nderstands the basis for their own motivations and feelings 1. 2 engagement a simple technique to identify own development needs and the development needs of another member of the team To identify all development needs that would enhance my current skills and abilities I decided to complete a development needs analyses in the form of a SWOT analysis (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats). Strengths * very(prenominal) organised and meticulous with excellent prioritisation skills * Always allowing to help others, friendly and approachable * Ensures protocol is followed by me and others at all ms * Quick scholar *Conscientious * Finance / Accounts * Excellent communication skills with all levels of people Weaknesses * Expect others to be very tidy and meticulous like myself * Sometimes try to baffle on overly much arrive at, as I dont like to say no * Forget people have different learning speeds * Perfectionist * Health & Safety eliminatement * Management training Op portunities * Work closely with the Director of Support Services * ILM Course * Job Opportunities * Network meetings with other business double-deckers * External / Internal training Threats * Funding for courses due to funding cuts * Unexpected things in personal life * Out of comfort zone * indemnity Changes I then requested for a member of my team (Jane Doe) to carry out a development needs evaluation by completing a SWOT analyses. Strengths * A willingness to learn * Always happy to help others * Quick learner * Can work at a quick pace * Good IT skills (Excel / Word) Weaknesses * not always very confident with others * wishing to have confidence in my answers, so I dont need to check I am doing things correctly * Stress easily under pressure * Works too quickly at times and make trivial mis controlsOpportunities * Take work from others to learn new roles * Study AAT * In-house training with colleagues. Shadow colleagues to learn new roles * Read policies / bulletins / news t o keep up to date with rules and regulations * Customer Service courses Threats * Not enough time to learn new tasks due to busy office environment * Not enough funding to pay for training * prep too expensive to pay from personal income * Confidence After completing the SWOT for me and Jane the following development needs were identified * Myself Leadership & Management Training HR development training Health & Safety development * Jane Customer Service Training AAT Qualification In-house training to better skills. 1. 3 key out potential barriers to learning. After considering the DELTA model and barriers to learning I have found that there are potentially a various number of barriers that Jane and I face. I have listed the potential barriers below My Self Time /Workload Work is extremely busy and the amount of work is exceptionally high, therefore to take time out of work to attend training would mean work could suffer, get backlogged and deadlines missed. * Personal Co mmitments This is due to home life being very busy and by chance not having time to complete studying on an evening or weekend. * Resources / Funding due to funding cuts with the LA, the inform has had to reduce budgets therefore depending on the cost of courses there may be no funds available to pay for training. Jane Faulkner * Time / Workload Work is extremely busy and the amount of work is exceptionally high, therefore to take time out of work to attend training would mean work could suffer, get backlogged and deadlines missed.Costs for AAT training is expensive and she is unable to afford the amply be from her personal income * Confidence / Fear / Self-esteem Jane is very quiet and shy, and she feels very uncomfortable in unfamiliar surroundings and may shy aware from learning. * Personal Commitments This is due to home life being very busy and maybe not having time to complete studying on an evening or weekend. * Mobility / Transport Jane doesnt drive therefore if a course is some distance she may have difficulties getting there. * Resources / Funding due to funding cuts with the LA, the instruct has had to reduce budgets therefore depending on the costs of courses there may be no funds available to pay for training. 1. 4 Explain how barriers to learning plenty be overcome.There are a number of solutions for Jane and I to be able to overcome the barriers to learning that was mentioned above 1) Time / Workload Some courses/training aspects are measurable and workload should not be a reason for not attending any coursers. Jane and I need to crack workload is organised and prioritised, and possibly get other staffs assistance to ensure work load does not get behind. 2) Expensive Training Costs Contribution or full costs of any training development should be paid for by the inculcate or at least a contribution towards the costs if the training will benefit the school and improve Jane and the service she admits the school. 3) Confidence / Self Esteem Put Jane at ease and give her ownership of and pride in what she can do.Also have regular hop on reviews in order for her to measure her personal achievements and progress. 4) Personal Commitments Undertake training through the school day or provide time off in lieu if the training is dear to the service we provide. 5) Funding release training may be available, if very beneficial to the school funding should be located. 6) Transport Training can be provided in local colleges or at school, therefore there would be very junior-grade travel required. Jane would be able to get local public transport and costs would be reimbursed by the school. Section 2 Know how to develop self and others to achieve organisational objectives 2. Briefly analyse learning/development options to meet need(s) of self and another member of the team. After studying and analysing the SWOT analyse and appraisals completed in front in the division, I have identified various learning opportun ities for Jane and I. After initiate my appraisal in December 2011 it was identified that I required go on training on leadership and management of others. I felt that this was a substantial area to develop as I had never watchd any training on managing staff, yet I have line managed several numbers of staff over the years. I am now currently undertaking the ILM Effective Management course. Another area that I found to have a weakness in is Health and Safety Management.I currently line manage a member of staff who has the responsibility for the Health and Safety of the school, pupils and staff. I currently have limited knowledge in this area and believe that this is an important area to improve to ensure I can manage the member of staff and her role efficiently. The member of staff is currently attending a parchment course in Health and Safety, which was organised by me through school. I have also arranged for myself to attend a 2 day shop on Health and Safety within the workpla ce. A further area for development for me is HR & Recruitment policies and procedures. As a HR manager I feel that I have not received adequate training relating to HR Law, rules and regulations and Recruitment policies.I also feel this is the same for my team that manages the day to day processing of personnel matters, including contracts, sickness, maternity leave and much more. I have therefore arranged a one day seminar with a HR Adviser from OMBC to talk to myself and the team on HR & Recruitment policies and procedures to develop my team and I. Through Janes appraisal completed earlier this year and the SWOT analyses I feel that a vital area for development is her confidence with people, including staff and pupils. With her lack of confidence this sometimes affects her client service, therefore I have arranged for a customer service course to be done at the school so Jane and 14 other staff receive training in this remit.Also to improve her confidence within the work pla ce I ensure I give her tasks that encourages her to leave the sanctuary of the office and work with other colleagues in the school. Another development for Jane, which she is keen on is to commence her AAT (Association of Accounting Technicians) qualification. This is an expensive course and I have arranged for the school to run funds towards the costs of this course. Jane will also be attending a one day seminar that I have arranged in relation to HR and Recruitment policies and procedures. She currently works in the Finance & HR office and all staff come into the office asking questions in relation to contracts, pay, special leave, recruitment and I feel this is an area for her to develop.I have also arranged for some training to be provided to Jane, by me, on the payroll system of rules so she can learn how to process timesheets, unpaid leave, and sickness pay. Again this is another vital area for Jane to develop in to enable her to progress in the future in her career. The development of my needs and the needs of my team are always connected to the service provided to the school and to improve their professional development. 2. 2 Identify support mechanism for the development of self and another member of the team. For me, Jane and all other members within my team there are a number of significant support mechanisms in place. These are * Annual appraisals where discussion on past progress and future development takes place. Termly (3 times a year) 11 meets take place to discuss any issues, training requirements, any difficulties they may be facing. * Monthly team meetings providing updates, and any questions, queries or ideas the staff may have to improve service or themselves. * Termly www. ebi (what works well & even better if) feedback from staff in relation to the office or themselves. * Regular in-house training provided by me to improve necessary skills for their development of themselves and the team. *Flexible working arrangements if necess ary. * Engraining a whole school Continuous Professional Development (CPD) attitude and constantly reminding staff that school funding is available for self-development. 2. Prepare a development plan to achieve a learning objective either for self or another team member. The below table has been extracted from the staff appraisal which is completed every year and referred to throughout the year to review and monitor the development of the staff members development. Development Need Development Action. Approx. Cost Measure of Success (Training Outcomes) Evaluation Outcomes (Individual Outcomes) Who to take action /By Customer Service training to improve confidence and service establish training course to come to school and provide training for 15 staff (including Jane) ? 800 for 15 staff Jane to attend and complete course. Improvement to Janes customer service telephone wire ManagerCourse booked for March 2013 inset day AAT Qualification training for work and self-development Oldh am College contacted and course information, dates and costs sent out to me and Jane. Jane to commit to 2 evenings per week at college ? 1200 approx. for 1st year. This is a 3 year course. Jane to attend course over the year and enrol for year 2. To improve knowledge of introductory accounts, improve self-confidence with attending college. Line Manager & Jane Doe. Information obtained by December 2012. Funding secured by February 2013. Enrol during August 2013. HR & Recruitment Training HR Adviser from OMBC contacted by Helen Sharples.They are to provide training in the school conference room for HR team Free Jane & other HR staff member to attend one day seminar To improve knowledge of HR/ Recruitment policies and procedures for whole of the team Line ManagerNovember Inset training day. 2. 4 Describe a method that could be used to monitor the development of self and another member of the team. One method that can be used to monitor the development of people, myself a nd team members is an appraisal system. This is what is currently used in my place of work. The main objective of an appraisal system is to review effect, potential and identify training and career planning needs. Performance reviews give managers and employees opportunities to discuss how employees are progressing and to see what sort of improvements can be make or help given to build on their strengths and enable them to perform more effectively.They are also used to look back on what has been achieved during the particular proposition period and agree objectives for the next year. By using the appraisals system this can help to improve a team members job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses and determining how their strengths can be best utilised within the organisation and weaknesses overcome. They can help to reveal problems which may be restricting employees progress and causing inefficient work practices. As a manager I appraise my team on an annual basis sett ing target and development needs. In their initial or annual appraisal the staff member and I talk about how they wish to develop and progress within their role and the team.The areas of development are then discussed to ensure training is provided, either in-house or an external provider, to meet the development needs. Target dates are then set to ensure the training has commenced or completed before the next appraisal. Throughout the year I monitor the progress of the team member on a regular basis to ensure they are developing as discussed and no issues have come up. When monitoring I review their targets through 11 meetings which are done every half term. At the end of the 12 month period the training and development of the person is reviewed and assessed to ensure the training has had a beneficial impact on the person and the service the team provide. They cycle then commences again with a new set of targets for the next 12 months are agreed.

Motivational Interviewing

pauperizational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling improvement substantial by Professor William R. milling machine, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D milling machine is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of clean Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his get the hang in re bet in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated glide path (H all, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) specific strategies that piss been utilise to work with someones. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for thickenings with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes assessing the nodes view of the issue and faceing if they understand their condition, finding out if the thickening wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them envision sessions, and astly, alivenessering the node see that thither argon possibilities for them to miscellanea (SAMHSA). MI to a fault assists invitees in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isnt close proponents telling clients what to do, nevertheless clients realizing their potential for convert (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that be going a means done unalike stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients get difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a true(p) method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative end work. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses techniques to engage the client such(prenominal)(prenominal) as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to none that scarce the individual tolerate commit to a change even if goal plans argon make between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a dance orchestra of the listening to gain nurture from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together they spate examine goals and resolve ambivalency, therefore motivational interviewing is solution found (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes ( Sobell, 2008). It can be use to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include What would you like to ee different about your authentic situation or What will happen if you dont change (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could excessively invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactic that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). broody listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, It seems to me that you want to start eating emend ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate chuck out food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given underpin to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not whole in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo go on to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970s TV serial Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their tale (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, So, help me to understand, on the one hand you consecrate you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and still you wont take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up, (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We desire how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to changeKatey curiously liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors have tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as nerve center abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or childs play problems. There doesnt seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are volition.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesnt cause up to them which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One social function that was more of a dispute for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we k unfermented about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about before.Motivational InterviewingMotivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes assessing the clients view of the issue and see if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isnt about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motiva tional interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses techniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associ ated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include What would you like to ee different about your current situation or What will happen if you dont change (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that th ey are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970s TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you wont take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up, (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to changeKatey especially liked t hat Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors have tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesnt seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesnt own up to them which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverla nd search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about before.Motivational InterviewingIt is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the ancient 2 decades. It uses a curt psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is mean to assist and enhance a somebodys intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically tell conversation about the someones use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will gain intrinsic motivation for change. virtually useful techniques used are micro skills (open ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a persons current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived him ego, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillfully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcoholic drink substance abuse they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for substitute approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people beseem realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be lay down to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are exanimate are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not mendly based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that finally will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows starry-eyed and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, engageable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpe rsonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldnt come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and soft accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to assure his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is open freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming largely from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and preposterous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to mollify away from forbid thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life happiness because he was ab le to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted and other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal destine of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas give-up the ghost part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was knowing to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize them selves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC manikin of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsistent, illogical and detrimental to the persons pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid distant or self defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the A or activating event. As are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesnt cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activ ating events could be external or interior to the person, whether the person is directly or indirectly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a persons emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and educate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sa dness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force people to change. People doesnt like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus it is directly targeted on the individuals main problem.Re ferencesDryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The necessary Albert Ellis Seminal Writing on Psychotherapy. New York Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A Training Manual. New York Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) clinical Applications of Rational Emotive Therapy. New York Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse interference TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.Motivational InterviewingIt is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a persons intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the persons use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a persons current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillfully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped pe ople become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that eventually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as followsOptimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldnt come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is open freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted and other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsistent, illogical and detrimental to the persons pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the A or activating event. As are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesnt cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirectly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a persons emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irration al and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force people to change. People doesnt like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus it is directly targeted on the individuals main problem.ReferencesDryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis Seminal Writing on Psychotherapy. New York Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A Training Manual. New York Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational Emotive Therapy. New York Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.